of the cabin, and immediately saw, not only the ship, but what she was: that it was a portuguese ship, and, as I thought, at first, was bound to the coast of Guinea for negros. But, when I observed the course she steered, I was soon convinced they were bound some other way, and did not design to come any nearer to the shore; upon which I stretched out to sea as much as I could, resolving to speak with them, if possible.

With all the sail I could make, I found I should not be able to come in their way, but that they would be gone by before I could make any signal to them; however, after I had crowded to the utmost, and began to despair, they, it seems, saw me by the help of their perspective glasses, and that it was some european boat, which, they supposed, must belong to some ship that was lost; so they shortened sail, to let me come up. I was encouraged with this, and as I had my patron's ensign on board, I made a waft* of it for a signal to them of distress, and fired a gun, both which they saw; for they told me they saw the smoke, though they did not hear the gun. Upon these signals, they very kindly brought-to, and lay by for me; and, in about three hours' time, I came up with them.

They asked me what I was in Portuguese and in Spanish, aud in French, but I understood none of them: at last, a scotch sailor, who was on board, called to me, and I answered him, that I was an Englishman, and that I had made my escape out of slavery from the Moors, at Salee; they then bade me come on board, and very kindly took me in, and all my goods. It was an inexpressible joy to me, which any one will believe, that I was thus delivered, as I esteemed it, from such a miserable, and almost hopeless, condition as I was in; and I immediately offered all I had to the captain of the ship, as a return for my deliverance; but he generously told me, he would take nothing from me, but that all I had should be delivered safe to me, when I came to Brazil; "for," said he, "I have saved your life on no other terms than I would be glad to be saved myself; and it may, one time or other, be my lot to be taken up in the same condition: besides, when I carry you to Brazil, so great a way from your own country, if I should take from you what you have, you will be starved there, and then I only take away that life I have given. No, no, Senhor Inglez !+ (Mr. Englishman) I will carry you thither in charity, and these things will help to buy your subsistence there, and your passage home again.”

As he was charitable in this proposal, so he was just in the performance, to a tittle; for he ordered the seamen, that none should offer to touch any thing I had then he took every thing into his own possession, and gave me back an exact inventory of them, that I might have them, even so much as my three earthen jars. As to my boat, it was a very good one; that he saw; told me he would buy it of me for the ship's use; and asked me what I would have for it? I told him he had been so generous to me in every thing, that I could not offer to make any price of the boat, but left it entirely to him; upon which he told me he would give me a note of hand to pay me eighty pieces of eight‡ for it at

A WAFT:-is made by hoisting an ensign or other flag, rolled or tied up, instead of flying at large: it is the customary signal by which a ship recalls her own boats or men on board; and, in some cases, may denote immediate want of assistance by the boats of other ships, or from the shore.

SENHOR :-in the portuguese language, is like the corresponding titles, senor, in the spanish, signor, in the italian, seigneur, and sieur, in the french, derived from, and pronounced like, the latin, senior (populi being understood); meaning, in english, generally "elder;" a word of which" alder man"s but an anglo-saxon synonym, affording the key to its more specific signification, “Sir," which serves to demonstrate, how closely the idea of government or personal precedency, has, in all societies, originally been. coupled with that of age; in corroboration of h ch may be quoted the oriental word shekh; that equally signifies a sentor in age, an elder in magistracy, a master of a family or household, and a title of honour when prefixed to a proper name. (N C. xxiv, 294) PIECE-OF-EIGHT:-(réales, or royals being understood) is a compound translation of the spanish péso, or péso-duro ; literally piece or hard-piece; the naine of a silver coin Robinson Crusoe.

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Brazil; and, when it came there, if any one offered to give more, he would make it up. He offered me also sixty pieces of eight more for my boy Xury, which I was loath to take; not that I was not willing to let the captain have him, but I was very loath to sell the poor boy's liberty, who had assisted me so faithfully in procuring my own. However, when I let him know my reason, he owned it to be just, and offered me this medium, that he would give the boy an obligation to set him free in ten years, if he turned Christian; upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I let the captain have him. We had a very good voyage to Brazil, and in about twenty-two days after, arrived in the Bahia de Todos los Santos,* I was thus once more delivered from the most miserable of all conditions of life; and what to do next with myself I was now to consider.

The generous treatment the captain gave me, I can never enough remember : he would take nothing of me for my passage, gave me ten ducatst for the leopard's skin, and twenty for the lion's skin, which I had in my boat, and caused every thing I had in the ship to be punctually delivered to me; and what I was willing to sell, he bought of me; such as the case of bottles, two of my guns, and a piece of the lump of bees' wax, for I had made candles of the rest; in a word, I made about two hundred and twenty pieces of eight of all my cargo, and, with this stock, I went on shore in Brazil.

in Spain, and the dominions depending thereon; the division of which is into 8 reals, and its sub-division into 34 maravedis. Although the old term "piece-of-eight" be now become somewhat obsolete, yet it is a much more appropriate appellation than its modern successor “ dollar," derived from the german thaler [whereof the literal english equivalent would be "daler"] between which and the coinage of Spain, or of its trans-atlantic colonies, there is assuredly no relationship. This absurdity has been perpetuated by the anglo-american United States. The crown-piece is the nearest english representative of this coin in value and appearance.

BARIA-DE-TODOS-LOS-SANTOS:-generally called in brief Bahia, and in english, Allsaints'-bay, is the principal harbour in the northern part of Brazil, as Rio de Janeiro [January river] is to the southward: which, notwithstanding the coast of it contains several good harbours, were the only two into which foreign shipping was admitted, under the jealous colonial policy of Portugal, until of very late years. The entrance into All-saints-bay is between a large island called Taporica, to the westward, and a peninsula, on which stands the city of San-Salvador [St. Saviour], to the eastward. The west side of the channel is bounded by shoal water and foul ground, extending from the island. A shoal bank projects, also, from Cape St. Salvador (also called Cape St. Autonio) the extremity of the peninsula, to the distance of 2 miles or more S. and S.E. from it. By abservations made on board the East-india-company's shipping, this cape is in latitude 12° 58′ S. longitude 58° 13′ W. according to the present hydrographer of that corporation, the scientific HORSBURGH. The reader who is desirous of more detailed information concerning the other parts of this coast in general, and of Rio de Janeiro in particular, is referred to the following passages in the Baval Chronicle, vol. xix, 481; xxi, 43, 198, 498; xxii, 30; xxiii, 483; xxy, 413; xxvi, 231; xxix, 123, 132; xxx, 49, 211.

† DUCAT:-a foreign coin, either of gold or silver, stricken in the dominions of a duke, being about the same value with a spanish piece-of-eight, or a french crown, that is, about five shillings sterling, when of silver, and twice as much when of gold. The origin of ducats is referred to one Longinus, governor of Italy; who, revolting against the emperor Justin the younger, made himself duke of Ravenna, and called himself Exarcha, that is, without lord, or ruler; and to shew his independence, struck pieces of money, of very pure gold, in his own name, and with his own stump, which were called ducati; as the greek historian PROCOPIUS relates. After him, the next who struck ducats, were the Venetians, who called them also zecchini, or sequins from zecca, the mint or place where they were struck. This was about the year 1280, in the time of John Dandoli; but we have some evidence, that Roger, king of Sicily, had coined ducats as early as 1240; and Du-CANGE affirms, that the first ducats were struck in the duchy of Apulia, in Calabria. The chief gold ducats, now current, are, the single and double ducats of Venice, Florence, Genoa, Germany, Hungary, Sweden,

I had not been long here, before I was recommended to the house of a good honest man, like himself, who had an ingenio (as they call a plantation and a sugar-house), I lived with him some time, and acquainted myself, by that means, with the manner of planting, and of making, sugar:* and, seeing how well the Denmark, Holland, and Switzerland. The heaviest of them weighs five penny weights, seventeen grains, and the lightest five penny weights, teu grains; which is to be understood of the double ducats, and of the single in proportion. The Spaniards have no ducats of gold; but, in lieu thereof, they make use of the silver one; which, with them, is no effective species, but only a money of accompt, like our pound. It is equivalent to eleven réals.

SUGAR:-(saccharum, latin; sucre, french ;) a solid, sweet, substance, obtained from a species of cane, produced in various places of Asia, Afric, and America, but most common in the east and west Indies; or, according to chemists, an essential salt, susceptible of crystalization; which is contained, more or less, in almost every species of vegetable, and in some animal secretions, but most abundantly in this cane. The expressed juice of the cane is clarified and boiled down to a thick consistence: it is then removed from the fire, and the saccharine part concretes into brown coloured masses, and is the sugar in its raw state as we see it imported. The sugar-cane is a smooth jointed reed, of a shining greenish colour; which, as the plant approaches maturity, changes, by degrees, to a yellowish one. The sizes of the canes vary much, according to the soil, season, and circumstances; the usual height is from four to seven feet; the thickness of a middling sized cane is about an inch; the largest three or four inches; and the smaller ones not more than half an inch. The distance of the knots is no less various than the height; in some not above two inches; in others nine or ten: those canes which have the knots farthest apart are esteemed the best. The saccharine juice is contained in a spongy pith, which the inside of the cane is filled with. The pith of the smooth part of the cane is soft and of a whitish colour; that of the joints harder, more compact, and darker-coloured. The first is by much the more juicy; but the juice of the latter is sweetest, and seems to be more perfectly elaborated. The sugar-cane being the principal source of profit in the west-indian isles, giving employment to seamen, conferring wealth on the merchant, and furnishing almost a necessary of life in Europe (the quantity consumed here being valued at ten millions sterling), it may justly be esteemed one of the most useful and valuable plants in the world. The following are the chemical characters of sugar :-It is soluble in an equal weight of cold water, and almost to an unlimited amount in hot water. The latter solution affords a liquid called syrup; from which crystals of sugar, called sugarcandy, separate by long repose. Alcohol dissolves, when heated, about of its weigh of sugar. Lime-water renders sugar more soluble. Alkalis unite with it and destroy its taste. It may, however, be recovered unchanged, by adding sulphuric acid, and precipitating the sulphate by alcohol, which retains the sugar in solution. Sugar has the property of rendering oils miscible with water. The sulphurets, hydro-sulphurets, and phosphurets, appear to have the property of converting sugar into a substance not unlike gum. It is converted by destructive distillation into acetous acid, carburetted hydrogen, carbonic acid-gas, and charcoal. It is composed of 64 parts oxygen, 28 carbon, and 8 hydrogen. A french chemist, has proved, that sugar may be refined and clarified in 24 hours. The process has been discovered by Edward Howard, Esq. F.R.S. The following is an outline of the process :

"Take brown sugar, sift it through a coarse sieve, then put it lightly into any conical vessel having holes at the bottom, like a coffee machine. Then mix some brown sugar with white syrup, that is, syrup of refined sugar, to the consistency of batter or thick cream, and pour it gently on the top of the sugar in the vessel till the surface is covered. The syrup will soon begin to percolate, and leave the surface in a state which will allow more syrup to be poured upon it, which is to be done carefully. The treacle will be found to come out at the bottom, having left the whole mass perfectly white. The first droppings are to be kept apart, as the last will serve to begin another operation. The sugar is now in a pure state, except as to its containing insoluble matter, which may, of course be separated by a solution in water."

The use of this nutritive and agreeable article is of very high antiquity; the "sweet cane" is mentioned in the bible (Isaiah: xliii, 24. Jeremiah, vi, 20.) as an article of merchandise coming from a far country. The conquests of ALEXANDER of Macedon aeem to have opened the discovery of it to the western parts of the world: his admiral,

planters lived, and how they got rich suddenly, I resolved, if I could get a license to settle there, I would turn planter among them; endeavouring, in the mean time, to find out some way to get my money, which I had left in London, remitted to me. To this purpose, getting a kind of a letter of naturalization, I purchased as much land that was uncured as my money would reach, and formed a plan for my plantation and settlement; such a one as might be suitable to the stock which I proposed to myself to receive from England.

I had a neighbour, a Portuguese of Lisbon, but born of english parents, whose name was Wells, and in much such circumstances as I was. I call him my neighbour, because his plantation lay next to mine; and we went on very Sociably together. My stock was but low, as well as his; and we rather planted for food than any thing else, for about two years. However, we began to encrease, and our land began to come into order; so that the third year we planted some tobacco, and made cach of us a large piece of ground ready for planting canes in the year to come but we both wanted help; and now I found, more than before, I had done wrong in parting with my boy Xury.

But, alas! for me to do wrong, who never did right, was no great wonder. I had no remedy, but to go on: I had got into an employment quite remote to my genius, and directly contrary to the life I delighted in, and for which I forsook my home: nay, I was coming into the very middle station or upper degree of low life, which my father advised me to before; and which, if I resolved to go on with, I might as well have staid in England, among my friends, as have gone five thousand miles off to do it among strangers and savages, in a wilderness, and at such a distance as never to hear from any part of the world that had the least knowledge of me.

In this manner, I used to look upon my condition with the utmost regret. I had nobody to converse with, but now and then this neighbour; no work to be done, but by the labour of my hands; and I used to say, I lived just like a man cast away upon some desolate island, that had nobody there but himself. But how just has it been; and how should all men reflect, that when they compare their present conditions with others that are worse, heaven may oblige them to make the exchange, and be convinced of their former felicity

NEARCHVS, 325 years B. C. found the sugar cane in India, as appears from his account of it quoted by ŠTRABO. THFOPHRASTUS, who lived not long after, seems to be the first who had a knowledge of sugar. In enumerating the different kinds of honey, he mentions one found in reeds. ERATOSTHENES, 223, B. c. VARRO, 68 B. C. and DIOSCORIDES, 35 B. c. also speak of it, and of its plant; but the necessary limits of annotation forbid our pursuing the investigation any farther in this place.

TOBACCO-Nicotiana, in botany, a genus of the pentandria-monogynia class; its characters are these; the empalement of the flower is permanent, of one leaf, cut into five acute segments; the flower has one funnel-shaped petal, with a long tube, spread open at the brim, ending in five acute points; it has five awl-shaped stamina, of the length of the tube, a little inclined and terminated by oblong summits; and an oval germen, supporting a slender style, crowned by an indented stigma; the germen turns to an oval capsule, with two valves, having two cells which open at the top, and filled with rough seeds, growing from the partition, LINNE enumerates six, and MILLER, eleven, species. Tobacco, or Tabacco, was not known in Europe till after the discovery of America by the Spaniards, and first imported about the year 1560. The Americans of the continent call it petun, those of the islands yoli. The Spaniards, who gave it the name tobacco, took it from Tobaco, a province of Yucatan, where they first found it, and first learned its use; or, as some say, it derived its name from the island of Tabago, or Tobago. The French, at its first introduction among them, gave it various names: as Nicotiana, or the "ambassador's herb from JOHN NICOT, then ambassador of King Francis II. in Portugal, who brought some of it with him from Lisbon, and presented it to a grand prior of the house of Lorraine and to Queen CATHARINE de MEDICIS; from whence it was also called "queen's herb," and "grand prior's herb." They also gave it other names, which are now all reduced in common parlance to the original name given it by HERNANDEZ de TOLEDO, who first sent it into Spain and Portugal.

by their experience: and thus, that the truly solitary life I reflected on, in an island of desolation, should become my lot, who had so often unjustly com pared it with the life which I then led, in which, had I continued, I had, in all probability, been prosperous and rich.

I was, in some degree, settled in my measures for carrying on the plantation, before my kind friend, the captain of the ship that took me up at sea, went back; for the ship remained at Bahia, iu providing his lading, and preparing for his voyage, near three months; when, telling him what little stock I had left behind me in London, he gave me this friendly and sincere advice: "Senhor Ingles" (for so he always called me), " if you will give me letters, and a procuration here in form to me, with orders to the person who has your money in London, to send your effects to Lisbon, to such persons as I shall direct, and in such goods as are proper for this country, I will bring you the produce of them, at my return: but, since human affairs are all subject to changes and disasters, I would have you give orders for but one hundred pounds sterling,* which, you say, is half your stock, and let the hazard be run for the first; so that, if it come safe, you may order the rest the same way; and, if it miscarry, you may have the other half to have recourse to for your supply." This was so wholesome advice, and looked so friendly, that I could not but be convinced it was the best course I could take; so I accordingly prepared letters to the gentlewoman with whom I had left my money, and a procuration to the portuguese captain, as he desired me.

I wrote the english captain's widow a full account of all my adventures; my slavery, escape, and how I had met with the portuguese captain at sea, the humanity of his behaviour, and what condition I was now in, with all other necessary directions for my supply; and, when this honest captain came to Lisbon, he found meaus, by some of the english merchants there, to send over, not the order only, but a full account of my story to a merchant at London, who represented it effectually to her; whereupon, she not only delivered the money, but, out of her own pocket, sent the portuguese captain a very handsome present for his humanity and charity to me.

The merchant in London, vesting this hundred pounds in english goods, such as the captain had wrote for, sent them directly to him at Lisbon, and he brought them all safe to me at Brazil: among which, without my direction (for I was too young in my business to think of them), he had taken care to have tools, iron work and utensils, necesssary for my plantation, and which were of great

use to me.

When this cargo arrived, I thought my fortune made, for I was surprised with the joy of it; and my good steward, the captain, had laid out the five pounds, which my friend had sent him as a present for himself, to purchase and bring me over a servant, under bond for six years' service, and would not accept of any consideration, except a little tobacco, which I would have him take, being of my own produce. Neither was this all; but my goods being all english manufactures, such as clothes, stuffs, baize, and things particularly valuable and desirable in the country, I found means to sell them to a very great advantage;

STERLING is generally allowed to be derived from the Germans in the neighbourhood of Denmark, who, from their eastern situation, had the name of Easterlings, and, being the best refiners, were called in to perfect our english money. Nummi esterlingi became used in old deeds to signify sometimes pence, and sometimes the standard, as probae monetae among the civilians. So sterling and standard became nearly synonymous, and the former has ever since been used to denote the certain proportion or degree of fineness in bullion or coin. But our antiquaries are not so well agreed when this adoption took place among us. The most common, though, by no means, the most certain, opinion is, that King John first called in the Esterlings, and coined sterling money. CAMDEN (in his remains) ascribes it to Richard I. Srow and COKE to Henry IL but we meet with the phrase nummi sterilenses under Henry I. in short nearly as lar back as the time of Willian I. although not expressly in Do nesday book.