Collection missions are tailored and assigned by the CM&D section subordinate to the G2 at corps and division. The same functions are performed at brigade and battalion by the battlefield information control center (BICC). These elements must ensure the assigned collection mission is passed by secure means, through established channels, to the interrogation element. If interrogators are deployed in a GS role, the CM&D section will pass its interrogator taskings to the MI battalion TOC. If interrogators are deployed in a DS role, they will receive taskings directly from the BICC. The CM&D section (through the MI battalion TOC) or the BICC must maintain close contact with the interrogation element. This contact allows a two-way flow of communication. The CM&D or BICC element needs the contact to accomplish the preceding three steps. They also use the contact to revise the interrogation element's collection FM 34-52 mission as required. The interrogation element requires the contact to ensure it receives current guidance, direction, and assistance in solving collection problems. ALL SOURCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM (ASAS) This system provides assistance to the J2, G2, or G3 and MI unit commanders who collect and analyze intelligence and perform CI and EW functions. The following elements feed into the ASAS. Imagery Exploitation Interrogators should maintain close contact with imagery exploitation elements. Interrogators may be required to identify items on air photographs and should report information of interest to the imagery analysts. Imagery analysts can aid interrogation personnel by furnishing photographs for use in connection with interrogation and by verifying leads originally obtained through interrogation. TECHINT Personnel Normally, interrogation elements coordinate with the TECHINT sections of the RC battalion (TE). The TECHINT section, and its field teams, furnishes guidance and requirements to the interrogation elements through questionnaires and interrogation guides. These are valuable aids to the interrogator in obtaining specific TECHINT information. Interrogators notify the nearest TECHINT personnel to obtain detailed technical information and guidance. At tactical levels, this is the exception rather than the rule, but it may be necessary when information is of immediate tactical value. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE Coordination between CI and interrogation elements is always necessary. This coordination is effected continuously, directly or indirectly, and at the discretion of the intelligence officer. CI elements are active in the security screening of refugees and civilians in the combat zone. CI personnel and interrogators must work together to ensure proper interrogation of enemy civilians or personnel speaking the enemy's language. Interrogator personnel can further assist the CI effort by— • Furnishing leads on suspected enemy agents and intelligence personnel. • Informing CI elements concerning enemy personnel dressed in other than enemy uniforms. FM 34-52 • Referring to CI elements, or making available to them for interrogation, all EPWs and other sources of CI interest. CI personnel are trained for interrogation in cases of suspected espionage, sabotage, or subversion. Their knowledge of the CI situation (to include hostile intelligence activities) enhances full exploitation of appropriate sources. MILITARY POLICE The corps MP commander operates the corps EPW holding area and provides escort guard support to divisions for EPW evacuation in routine or medical channels. EPWs are evacuated from the corps holding area to the next higher echelon with the least possible delay. The MP commander also arranges and coordinates transportation requirements to include rations and water, if required, for the movement to include number of vehicles, railroad or passenger cars, or aircraft with the time and place of departure. Expeditious EPW evacuation is provided by the prior dispatch of escort guards to establish a ready reserve at the supported divisions. This reserve evacuation capability is maintained by sending additional escort guards on a continuing or as required basis. These guards may also be attached to EPW and processing reception camps as needed. EPW administrative processing is done by MP PW processing units. Processing includes personnel record preparation, fingerprint and identity cards (if needed), and internment serial number assignment. PSYOP Normally, interrogation elements coordinate with PSYOP elements to obtain information concerning the motivational factors and cultural value systems of the individuals to be interrogated. PSYOP units, as a part of their normal operations, develop detailed analysis concerning psychological and cultural factors of friendly and hostile elements in the AO. Such information will help interrogation personnel to understand the source's attitude, value system, and perception; it will also help to obtain information more rapidly, and at the same time, PSYOP information on current conditions in enemy country or among enemy forces. A PSYOP PIR would be established to cover this requirement. FM 34-52 INTELLIGENCE (J2, G2, AND S2) The J2, G2, and S2 are responsible for supervising appropriate censorship activities relating to sources. They also • Coordinate with the G3 to ensure plans for interrogation, CL, PSYOP, and CA operations are included in unit training plans and OPLANS. • Draft instructions for MI handling, evacuating, and exploiting captured enemy personnel and CEDs. (They coordinate with the G3 to ensure draft instructions are included in the command SOP, OPLANS, and supplementary orders.) • Project source capture flows. • Determine the number of interpreters and translators needed to perform intelligence duties. Control the procedures used to process and grant clearances to the interpreters and translators who need them. Coordinate with G5 on screening of non-suspect local nationals and displaced persons. OPERATIONS (G3 AND $3) The G3 and S3 are responsible for operations, plans, organization, and training. Where MP assets are not available, or insufficient, they are responsible for obtaining, organizing, and supervising employment of additional personnel as guards. The G3 and S3 • Prepare, coordinate, and publish the command SOP, OPLANS, and supplementary orders. This includes instructions for handling, evacuating, and exploiting captured enemy personnel and CEDS, which are drafted by the G2. • Incorporate interrogation operations into future plans and operations. • Ensure subordinate units are trained in proper handling and evacuation of captured enemy personnel, captured enemy materiel (CEM), and CEDS. • Train guard personnel. • Provide G2 and S2 with details of planned operations. • Plan and supervise all PSYOP activities in support of tactical operations. • Evaluate, in coordination with the G2 and G5, enemy PYSOP efforts and effectiveness of friendly PSYOP on target groups. SUPPLY (G4 AND S4) The G4 and S4 are responsible for storing and maintaining supplies and equipment needed by subordinate units to conduct source handling operations, as well as delivering them to subordinate units as they are needed. The G4 and S4 also supervise Command policy for evacuation and internment of captured enemy personnel, and evacuation and safekeeping of CEM and CEDS. • Real estate acquisition and construction of source holding area facilities. • Collection and distribution of captured enemy supplies. (This is coordinated with the intelligence and operations staffs.) • Procurement and distribution of rations to source holding areas. (Captured enemy rations will be used when possible.) ⚫ EPW and detainee transportation. • Determination of requirements for use of source labor for the logistical support needed in source handling operations. • Logistical support to interpreter personnel. CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS (GS AND $5) The G5 and $5 are responsible for CA. They • Advise, assist, and make recommendations that retate to civil-military operations (CMO) and CA aspects of current or proposed operations. • Prepare estimates and conduct studies and analyses for CMO activities. • Prepare the portions of operations, administrative, and logistics plans and orders for CMO activities. • Determine requirements for resources to accomplish command CMO activities, including CA units and personnel. • Coordinate with local US government, G1 and S1 representatives, and HN armed forces for procuring native linguists for interpreter support. • Recommend command policy on obligations between civil and military authorities; on the AO FM 34-52 population; and on the works and activities arising from treaties, agreements, international law, and US policy. • Provide civil support for tactical and CSS operations and prevent civilian interference with these operations. Coordinate military support of populace and resource control programs. • Provide technical advice and assistance in reorientation of sources and enemy defectors. Coordinate MI aspects of CMO activities with the ADDITIONAL SUPPORT Besides the major staff elements, an interrogation element requires support from several other elements in order to conduct operations. These elements are discussed below. Communications Secure, reliable communication must be available at or near the interrogation element's deployment site. Priority access to these communications must be arranged to support contact with collection management. Staff Judge Advocate This element can provide legal support and advice on the interpretation and application of international regulations and agreements about handling sources. It is also a channel for reporting known or suspected war crimes. Health Service Support This element must clear all sick and wounded sources before they can be interrogated. Seriously sick or wounded sources are evacuated through medical channels. If adequate facilities are not available in EPW hospitals, EPWs are admitted to military or civilian medical facilities where treatment can be obtained. Each EPW is medically examined and weighed at least once a month. Provisions are made for the isolation of communicable cases, disinfection, and inoculations. Retained medical personnel and EPWS with medical training are used to care for their own sick and wounded. NBC Protection All EPWs will be provided NBC protection. If EPWS do not have their own NBC protection equipment, or their equipment is not usable, the detaining forces must provide them with proper NBC gear. Chaplain Support The unit ministry team, consisting of the chaplain and chaplain assistant, provides religious support. The team coordinates with the G5 and S5 to provide religious support for refugees, displaced persons, and indigenous civilians. It provides services for EPWs or assists detained clergy of enemy forces and other detained clergy. The team provides burial rites according to the religious rites of combatants. Religious preference of EPWs will be obtained from DA Form 4237-R (Detainee Personnel Record) (see Chapter 3). Inspector General This element is a channel for reporting known or suspected war crimes. Public Affairs officer The public affairs officer advises and informs the commander of public affairs impact inherent in planned or implemented EPW operations. Engineer Officer The engineer officer assists in planning the construction of EPW enclosures. He also assists the G2 and $2 in developing obstacle intelligence (OBSTINTEL) during the IPB. OBSTINTEL requirements are reflected in the PIR and IR. Much of the IR is technical in nature and warrants direct coordination with the interrogator to ensure the right questions are asked. Through the J2, G2, and S2, he will also analyze the information collected and its impact on the maneuver and engineer plan. Military Band Unit At division and corps, the band may augment the MP by providing security at central collecting points and corps holding areas. Interrogators are trained to exploit sources and CEDs. This allows the all-source collection manager three exploitation options for interrogation assets: They may exploit sources alone, exploit CEDs, or exploit both simultaneously. In the past, it was assumed interrogators could ac complish the dual collection mission no matter what type of combat operations were being supported. This may no longer be true. Unit staffing, coupled with the amount of CEDs and sources, may prevent exploitation of sources and CEDs simultaneously. The density of interrogation assets and command emphasis on the collection effort determine mission requirements. The feasibility of a dual collection mission may also be the result of initial IPB by the commander's intelligence staff. If an echelon cannot conduct a dual collection effort, interrogating sources receives the priority for two reasons: The greater intelligence potential of a source. • The rate at which people forget detailed information. An individual's value system is easier to bypass immediately after undergoing a significant traumatic experience. The circumstances of capture are traumatic for most sources. Many former PWs indicated extreme disorientation immediately after capture. Capture thrusts them into a foreign environment over which they have no control. Their mores were of no use to them during this period. Most of them survived this phase by clinging to very basic values (love of family and loyalty to friends or comrades). Since humans are adaptable, this initial vulnerability passes quickly. An individual's established values begin to assert themselves again within a day or two. When this happens, much of an individual's susceptibility to interrogation is gone. Memory stores information in two areas: short-term and long-term memory. The five senses constantly transmit information to the brain's short-term memory temporarily and then shifts to the brain's long-term memory. The time at which this transfer takes place varies, but research shows a great amount of detail is lost during that transfer. The percentage of information lost beyond recall varies from study to study, but 70 percent is a conservative estimate. Much of the information of value to the interrogator is information the source is not aware he has. Although no research data is available in this area, it is likely this type of information will be lost quickly. CEDs, while not affected by memory loss, are often time-sensitive and thus are screened quickly for possible exploitation (see Chapter 4). The supported echelon's intelligence officer determines the guidelines for priority of exploitation. The commander's intelligence needs and the J2's, G2's, or S2's estimate of the enemy's intentions dictate the extent to which these guidelines can be applied. Exploitation priorities are reviewed and changed when needed. |