The next point is this, that there is no doubt that among these refugees there are those who are sent for purposes other than being a refugee. I ran into that in a camp in south Germany where there was some so-called escapees and defectors who were obviously sent as Communist agents. There was no attempt being made by the German Government either to keep them in, out of the economy where they could do damage, nor to keep them from the other refugees where they stirred up discontentment. While the number is small, they were mixed in with the refugees who had been screened and who were the legitimate refugees.

Another point that I make is that I do not think there is enough attention being given to the handling of the younger people. There is not enough outside service being given to them nor indoctrination in the ways of freedom when they come from the eastern part of Germany.

They are herded together in large groups, for example up near Bremen, and that camp-the camp I was to there-1 of 2-was clean, but there was not the aiming of these young people toward the rights and responsibilities, nor indoctrinating them in freedom.

In the southern part of Germany I went to a youth camp and it was so bad I had no official standing, but I certainly said it should be closed.

I had gone to probably 100 displaced persons camps with members of this committee and a member of the Judiciary Committee, Mr. Chelf. At that time I was in charge of a subcommittee on displaced persons. I know what such camps are, but there are several of the current camps where I think pressure should be brought by our HICOG to increase the food allowance, and to get some activities. I understood some of these young fellows from the camp in southern Germany were out preying on the economy trying to get enough to eat. There are those problems that I think should be taken up directly with the Western German Government, by HICOG. My recommendation, which I made to the whole committee, Mr. Chairman, but I will make it here, is that there be more direct dealing between our Department authorities handling refugee problems directly on a governmental basis, instead of solely or in such large part through the voluntary agencies.

I think the voluntary agencies play a good part, but we nevertheless have to have emphasis on this other approach, too.

Finally, in the Kersten amendment, I do not think the Department has construed the Kersten amendment broadly enough because it does aim in part toward military units being formed from refugees, but the other part of it permits us to help refugees as long as it is for the security of the United States. That help might be of any kind.

It does not mean in particular military assistance, nor the forming of military units.

I would like to see more of the Kersten amendment money used for the purposes of aiding refugees generally.

I do not believe you have any breakdown as to the amount of Kersten amendment funds used for refugees. Do you?

Mr. WOOD. Eight million dollars is the amount to be used for the care and maintenance, Mr. Fulton.

Mr. FULTON. Is that Kersten amendment funds, from the $100 million?

Mr. WOOD. That is right.

(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. WARREN. Mr. Fulton, I must explain that the escapee program which I am describing here does not cover the German refugees. Mr. FULTON. I realize that. Yes.

Mr. WARREN. I just wanted to make that clear.

Mr. FULTON. I talked of escapees and defectors, but when I spoke of the people coming in from East Berlin to West Berlin, I called them refugees. Displaced persons I call displaced persons, and of course, people who have been expelled, are a different group.

Mr. WARREN. May I make one other comment. With regard to the Valka Camp, you realize the Valka Camp contains in its population a great many of what we call the IRO residuals. The leftovers.

Mr. FULTON. It also contains a great many escapees from satellite countries who have not adequately been screened and have Communists among them and there is no attempt at the Valka Laga to keep the Communist agents separated when we know they are such and are so identified as having been sent as spies.

First see what the camp can get on intelligence, and secondly to disrupt the refugee camps.

I would certainly separate those off.

Mr. WARREN. We have not been able to work that out completely with the Germans, but it is in process.

Mr. FULTON. That is one objection I would have to refugee handling so far.

Mrs. BOLTON. Going back to the Far East what countries would be involved in this $8 million and the $2.5 million contract funds, and how many people?

(Discussion off the record.)

Mrs. BOLTON. I understand, but are you asking for $8 million in money for this?

Mr. WARREN. $8 million in dollars and $2.5 million in counterpart funds.

Mrs. BOLTON. You are doing that as an arbitrary sum? It is just something you picked out of the blue?

Mr. WARREN. Out of the total $10.5 million we are arbitrarily assigning roughly $1.5 million in the Far East. It is brand new territory as far as we are concerned.

Mrs. BOLTON. Where is that to be found? The $1.5 million has appeared in 2 or 3 remarks.

You say there is $1.5 million contract funds and you say there is $1.5 million assigned from a figure of $10 million. Where is the $10 million?

Mr. WARREN. It is the $8 million and the $2.5 million. It is on page 2.

Mrs. BOLTON. I have here only $1.5 million.

Mr. WARREN. Yes, that is the Far East. The rest would be in Europe.

Mrs. BOLTON. I understand. It is in that $10 million.

Mr. WARREN. Yes.

Mrs. BOLTON. Thank you very much.

(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I would be glad to have that off the record, but I would like to comment on the record that in administering this, I hope we will not take Mr. Fulton's statement as the statement of the committee, nor my own statement, in which I entirely disagree with him as to expending the so-called Kersten amendment into a general resettlement proposition.

I hope you would not take either of our statements as the view of the committee. If we have views, we will express it in our report.

I wanted what I said on the record.

Now, proceed.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. If you would care to have this off the record, let us know.

(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. VORYS. I would hope very, very much that a statement can be prepared for inclusion in this record to the effect that to date no way has been found to organize the liberation legions or the type of military organizations referred to in the congressional debate on this amendment which would be effectively militarily and which would not be attended by great harm to the very nations that are referred to in the amendment.

As I have understood it, the proposal which sounds very appealing that we have a liberation legion made up of units from the various Iron Curtain countries

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. Under their own flags

Mr. VORYS. Under their own flags, in NATO, is a practical impossibility from a military, strategic, and political standpoint. That is true for these reasons:

Merely to organize such forces involves tremendous language difficulties and so forth.

They would be quite small and we would have the problem repeated that we have in Korea of a small unit with special languages and so forth that are militarily not of a size that can be effective.

Then you would also have the problem that as soon as they are recruited that that is a step toward preventive war. You are not going to liberate countries militarily unless you invade them and chase out the people who are supposed to be occupying them.

The third practical objection as I have understood it, was that since there is not going to be any liberation legion launched to fight in the next year or so, no Pole or Czech or anybody else wants to join an army under his native flag to be a defensive force for Western Europe, and you just won't get anybody unless they are people who are looking for a job and would be glad to join any sort of a foreign legion and might be recruited into the forces of any country to fight.

You can prepare that separately, because I would like to hand that to Mr. Wood.

I hope instead of giving us the difficult task every time of having nothing to say and standing around with our fingers in our mouthon the floor that we would have a statement of the thing which is militarily sound, up to date.

Now if those are the facts of life and we could have them in the record, it would be of enormous help to us in meeting something that is very appealing.

Now, off the record.

(The then following remarks were not reported.)

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. What is the order of business, Mr. Wood? Mr. Wood. The order of business now, Mr. Chairman, is as follows: We have left before we come to the discussion of the unexpended balances, just a few items. First, I would like to cover very briefly, largely by insertion in the record, our request for an authorization of $1,825,000 for the payment of ocean freight in the shipment of voluntary relief packages. This is a matter with which this committee is thoroughly famiilar. I doubt that much need be said about it. I might just point out, however, that in fiscal year 1952 the amount was $2.9 million; that the approximation for fiscal year 1953 was $2.6 million, and that this year we are requesting $1.8 million. Congress has often passed on this issue. This is to pay the ocean freight on voluntary-relief shipments of clothing and food by CARE and others.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. The shipping provisions which are not part of what you are speaking of, are the same as in last year's act. Mr. WOOD. That is right. They are 50-50.

There is a statement I have here which gives the facts and figures on this request. If there are any questions, I will attempt to answer them. If not, I will put this in the record.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. Without objection it will appear in the record at this point.

(The document referred to follows:)

SECTION 504, OCEAN FREIGHT THE MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1954

American voluntary help to the war distressed overseas is worldwide. It maintains the tradition established during and following World War I when friends and enemies alike were fed and clothed.

While the mainspring of this relief is the great value of contributions from millions of our citizens it is made possible in productive application by the assistance of our Government, the governments of the participating countries and their citizens.

Thus, Congress for some years has recognized the complementary value of voluntary relief to governmental programs of general assistance. General assistance provides the basic necessities through rationing or otherwise, a task that only governments can finance and undertake. Voluntary help, through the provision of high-protein foods such as dried milk and eggs, as well as used clothing, reaches the vulnerable groups-children, mothers, invalids, and others--in need of supplementary aid.

Moreover, it may be noted that such voluntary help carries the identity of American humanitarianism in ways not possible through the impersonal channels of governmental programs. The voluntary agencies are represented on the ground by American citizens. These agencies are registered with the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid of the Department of State and are required to submit periodic reports of their operations, income, and outgo, as the measures of their responsibility. The agencies operating in Marshallplan countries, by agreement with the governments of the participating countries which receive grants in aid, may be reimbursed by authority of section 535 of the Mutual Security Act for the cost of ocean freight on supplies in support of programs approved by the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid and where the beneficiary governments enter the supplies duty free and provide interior transport.

Table I gives for the past 5 years, that is to March 31, 1953, the relative volume, value, and cost of freight of the supplies shipped by the voluntary agencies to various countries over various times and the relative contributions and cost to the agencies and to the Government.

TABLE I.-Volume, value, and freight costs of supplies shipped by registered agencies to countries under terms of sec. 117 (c) of ECA Act of 1948 and sec. 535 of MSA Act of 1951