(The information requested follows:)

The last apportionment of money by the executive board of UNICEF to a satellite country was in 1951, to Bulgaria. The amount was $40,000 and was for the purpose of extending Government production of sera and vaccines. A drought, starting in 1947 and lasting through 1949 in some parts of the country, had had serious effects on the health of the children.

During the years 1950-52 the executive board took away previously allotted money from satellite countries in the amount of $3,369,000.

Mr. SMITH. The U. N. is taking care of children behind the Iron Curtain?

Mrs. STONE. That has almost come to an end. Of course, projects were begun in those countries at the end of the war in the wardevastated areas, and some of those are being finished. I think there is practically none going on now. I can get that definite information for you also, but I do know that it has practically been ended. Mr. SMITH. Thank you very much.

Mr. Richards.

Mr. RICHARDS. No questions.

Mr. SMITH. Mr. Carnahan, do you have any questions?

Mr. CARNAHAN. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. SMITH. Mr. LeCompte.

Mr. LECOMPTE. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. SMITH. Thank you very much.

You will supply that information, please.

Mrs. STONE. You asked about the $400 million. The United States has contributed $88,272,073.

Mr. SMITH. Of the $400 million?

Mrs. STONE. Yes.

Mr. SMITH. Do you have the figures on the cost of administration? Mrs. STONE. They have averaged 6.7 percent, but last year they were about 13 percent.

Mr. SMITH. Thank you.

Mrs. STONE. Thank you for the opportunity to appear.

Mr. SMITH. Very well. You are welcome, indeed.

Mr. LECOMPTE. Mr. Chairman, will we not have to recess a few minutes for a quorum call?

Mr. SMITH. Well, we can do that or we can proceed, whichever way you wish.

The next witness is Mr. Hecht.

STATEMENT OF GEORGE J. HECHT, CHAIRMAN, AMERICAN PARENTS COMMITTEE; PUBLISHER, PARENTS' MAGAZINE

Mr. HECHT. I am George J. Hecht, chairman of the American Parents Committee, a nonprofit, child-welfare organization working for better health and educational facilities for children in the United States and throughout the world. I am also publisher of Parents' Magazine, which has a monthly paid circulation of more than a million and a half.

My wife and I have just come back from a trip around the world. As my wife was a teacher, and as I am deeply concerned about the welfare of children, we went out of our way in each country to observe the conditions of children and to learn what the leading organizations were doing to better their conditions.

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No one who has not been to Asia can visualize the unbelievably bad conditions under which the vast majority of the people live. The suffering is so great that the people are ripe for the communistic propaganda that is being continually spread among them. We ourselves saw many sound trucks flying red banners going through the villages in India, in Bangkok and in Thailand blasting out their insidious communistic propaganda, with their promises of better conditions.

Children crippled from yaws or suffering with malaria or tuberculosis make for the most unhappy kind of homes. It is my considered conviction as a businessman, quite aside from the fact that I am interested in the welfare of children, that the most inexpensive and most effective way to combat communism in southeast Asia where the Reds are now concentrating their efforts, is to improve the conditions of children in the homes of the suffering people.

Yaws, a highly contagious disease prevalent throughout southeast Asia, cripples a child for life. Yet it can be cured in its early stages by a 15-cent injection of penicillin. On a plane from Bombay to Delhi, I was lucky enough to spend more than an hour talking with Mme. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the Health Minister of India. She told me that the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was helping India to build their first penicillin factory. India is providing the land and the building and the Children's Fund, generally referred to as UNICEF, is equipping the factory. What more intelligent and inexpensive way to combat yaws and other diseases than to help India build a penicillin factory which it can use to fight this dread disease of childhood?

I was told also of the injections that are being given to hundreds of thousands of children to immunize them against tuberculosis. Onehalf of the children of India die before they are 10 years of age. There are hundreds of thousands of villages in India without a doctor, without trained nurses and with no hospital anywhere in their vicinity. In case you have not heard the following statistic, it is something to ponder over. Of the 900 million children in the world 500 million live in villages and small districts without a hospital, without a doctor, and without a public health nurse.

In Burma Mme. Aung San, widow of the liberator of Burma and its first Prime Minister, now in charge of the country's maternal and child health work, took us to visit one of the first schools for midwives that has been established in Rangoon. The local government has provided for the school and its maintenance, and UNICEF has supplied the sterilizer and other necessary surgical equipment. Onethird of the babies in Burma die before their first birthday.

In Thailand, Dr. Pierra Hoon Vejjabula took us through some of the child welfare centers that are being started with the aid of UNICEF. UNICEF is providing the DDT which in 3 years they hope will eliminate malaria-a great killer of children.

I could go on for far more time than you can give me to tell you of the fundamental child health work being done by UNICEF which I saw with my own eyes. Based on my wide knowledge of childwelfare work, I can tell you authoritatively that UNICEF is the greatest child-welfare effort of all time. During its 7 years it has aided directly more than 60 million children in 72 countries. And in 1953 it aims to reach more than 25 million mothers and children.

Unquestionably UNICEF is the most universally acclaimed of all United Nations activities. Sixty-two foreign nations are contributing financially to its support, many of them regularly year after year. It is building international good will for the United States.

The American people are sold on UNICEF. Many individuals contribute, directly to the fund and others support it by buying UNICEF Christmas cards. A great number of women's and church organizations are actively supporting adequate United States appropriations for UNICEF. I was glad to read recently that the Pope in Rome has issued an appeal for continuing world support of UNICEF.

In the New York Times about a week ago there was a statement by Herbert Hoover urging the continuing United States support of UNICEF.

In the underdeveloped countries of the world, the Communists are currently making their greatest efforts. Crippled, malarial, and tubercular children in the home make families easy prey for communistic propaganda. UNICEF is not only doing a great, popular humanitarian job, it is also the most economical and effective way to fight communism.

Mr. SMITH. Thank you. Mr. Bentley-

Mr. BENTLEY. I have no questions.

Mr. SMITH. Thank you very much.

STATEMENT OF THOMAS R. OWENS, CHAIRMAN, FOREIGN AFFAIRS SUBCOMMITTEE, CIO LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

My name is Thomas R. Owens. I am chairman of the foreignaffairs subcommittee of the CIO legislative committee.

The Congress of Industrial Organizations has consistently supported the foreign economic-aid program of our Government as necessary to the security of the free world and believes that the need for it is no less acute now than formerly.

While we recognize the desirability of terminating our financial contributions once our allies have achieved a reasonable degree of military and economic self-sufficiency, we do not believe that any extensive curtailment of the foreign-aid program can be made at the present time.

We submit this statement on behalf of millions of wage earners upon whom the tax burden for this and others measures vital to our national welfare falls with disproportionate weight, but who realize that it is a cheap price to pay for freedom.

We believe that the foreign-aid program must continue to be administered with a proper regard for, and a proper balance among, the military, economic, and social needs of ourselves and our allies. We are disturbed by the recurrent tendency to belittle or ignore the social aspects and to concentrate on the purely military or "big business" phases.

We call for a continuance of those balanced principles which originally characterized our foreign-aid activities. The program should be based on the formula for mutual security as expressed by President

Eisenhower on January 23, 1952, when he was supreme commander of NATO:

The strength that a nation or a group of nations can develop is the product by multiplying spiritual or moral strength by its economic strength, by its military strength. It is the product, not the sum.

Consequently, if any one of these factors falls to zero, the whole is zero. There can be no army unless there is a productive strength and a productive power to support it. There can be neither a strong economy nor an army if the people are spiritless, if they don't prize what they are defending.

It is impossible either in Europe or the Far East to stem the tide of communism by arms alone. If the social institutions of those countries are not developed to that degree of political and economic democracy wherein most people instinctively sense a personal interest, ownership, and participation, we may find, to our grief, that internal Communist revolutions stimulated from abroad engulf those peoples, undoing the progress made with our help and turning our own weapons against us.

For Europe this means that we must not only continue, but intensify our efforts to help the people develop a dynamic, expanding economy as the way to an abundant life for all people who are willing to work for it.

The CIO believes that strong free trade unions are essential in modern economic life as the economic mechanism for more equitable sharing of the national product and as a force creating the incentives leading to an expanding economy. Because of our belief in the role of the free trade union, the CIO has greatly expanded its European office and its representative there is working in close cooperation with the existing free international trade-union organizations-the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the International Trade Secretariats, in particular, the International Metalworkers' Federation.

We are, consequently, aware of the difficulties and obstacles to the revival of free trade unions working principally as economic organizations. We believe that it is essential that the program of the American Government, undertaken by MSA, should be such as to render the success of this effort more likely. The Mutual Security Act in our opinion provides the necessary authority. Under it the two problems of restrictive practices by industry and the need for strengthening the free trade unions can be dealt with.

It is hardly necessary to point out that the cooperation of European labor is a vital necessity in our fight against communism and the establishment of mutual defense.

As a result of their experiences during the last 100 years, the European workers are peculiarly susceptible to well-organized and often carefully disguised Communist propaganda. We believe, therefore, that not only must the United States do the things which we believe to be right, but they must be careful not even to give the appearance of doing what the European people think is wrong.

In the underdeveloped areas of the world, we must continue to help establish the institutions of freedom for labor to organize and to bargain collectively in order that the people by their own initiative may act to reduce the wide gulf between the very poor and the very rich and to improve gradually their standards of living. We must continue to do this at the same time we contribute aid and technical

assistance toward strengthening the agricultural and industrial productivity, technological skills, health, and general welfare of those

countries.

Reports reaching us from Europe indicate that the concept of the expanding economy, which presupposes increasing productivity, as promulgated in our foreign-aid program, is finding more and more acceptance. This program, as was to be expected because of its very complexity, was slow in starting, but is now advancing and should be not only continued but expanded.

The concepts of increasing productivity and the expanding economy are now being discussed and supported there in meetings, in the press, in trade and scientific literature, and on the radio. Extensive programs to increase productivity have been undertaken in various industries in England, Austria, and France. In some instances the increase in productivity achieved in individual plants has ranged from 20 to 50 percent. Many countries have concluded productivity agreements, and more are presently negotiating them. The Organization for European Economic Cooperation has created within itself the European Productivity Agency to carry forward the productivity

program.

An expanding economy within an integrated Europe is necessary to the security and amity of the Western World. As the productive capacities of the European countries improve, markets must be found for their products to prevent economic disintegration and dangerous international tensions. Our encouragement of international trade, however, is but a partial answer to the economic problems of our allies. Those problems will be rendered less critical when a very simple fact is realized that the masses of the European people themselves constitute the greatest potential undeveloped market for their own products. This is the nature of the expanding economy of the United States and, perhaps, the greatest reason for our social and economic stability.

Much progress has been made in Europe in developing the willingness to undertake the productivity program and to disseminate its benefits as widely as possible through sharing increased returns with the workers, and with the consumers through lowered prices. A considerable share of the credit for this progress rightly belongs to the MSA technical assistance program. Union leaders, key individual workers, and management personnel have been brought to the United States to observe firsthand the workings of the American system. The reactions from Europe, attesting the fruitfulness of this program in fostering an understanding of America among the people of the free world and in stimulating enthusiasm for the gradual development of an expanding economy in Europe, have been encouraging, to say the least.

Many participants in the training teams which have visited the United States have become vocal and convinced advocates for our country and our system on their return home. We have received information of Italians who have publicly rebutted and confounded Communist spokesmen at mass meetings by describing their complete freedom of travel and observation while in the United States and challenging the Communists to testify to similar experiences in the Soviet Union. Italian participants in these teams have held reunions and public discussions of their observations here. These meetings and