ENVIABLE RECORD

UNICEF enjoys an enviable record of accomplishment and the confidence of some 75 governments and peoples. If it is to continue as a highly effective agency bringing aid to millions of children in Asia, in the Middle East, in Africa, in Latin America-if UNICEF is to continue at all-the United States cannot withhold its support. We do not wish to be accused of too little and too late. We do not wish to provide further ammunition to forces hostile to the United States, as so nearly happened last spring when the bogus Communist-inspired "Conference for the Defense of Children" took place in Vienna, at a time when once before we were dragging our feet on a United States contribution for UNICEF.

We believe that the American people, their administration, and their Congress have much at stake in helping the world's children, and that to a degree commensurate with our power and resources in the world we must continue to give concrete evidence of the sincerity of our solicitude for the children. H. PANTALEONI,

Chairman, United States Committee for UNICEF.

NEW YORK, April 28, 1953.

[From the New York Times, May 3, 1953]

UNICEF NEEDS CONGRESS

For the past 6 years 1 United Nations group which is in the business of saving children's lives has been writing an exciting and inspiring adventure in international cooperation. The U. N.'s International Children's Emergency Fund, known as UNICEF, is currently providing assistance to 69 countries and territories (40 of them in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East) and over the past 6 years has aided some 60 million youngsters with its supplementary feeding, clothing, and emergency relief programs, its maternal aid and welfare services, its stimulation to recipient governments to change and strengthen nutrition and health services to their needy children. As a British representative to the U. N. puts it: "The main point is that UNICEF works, and it works well. In many countries it has come to be known as the U. N. in action."

Yet, on a par, ironically, with its stubborn determination to aid the needy youngsters has been UNICEF's annual struggle to make ends meet on lamentably small budgets. There are some 38 contributing countries (the U. S. S. R. has never been one of them), but the agency's greatest moral bulwark and financial mainstay has always been the United States. Now the future of the fund-once again down to its last $2,000-will be debated in the Social Commission, which opens its meetings tomorrow.

Of the greatest immediate concern is this Government's pledge of a new contribution. Weeks and months have gone by and the pledge remains unredeemed. The last administration pledged the $9,800,000 in 1952, and it is known that this administration will support the appropriation and is now seeking congressional means to have it approved without more delays. Actually it is up to the House of Representatives to show some steam, for the Senate's record over the past years has been one of consistent support of UNICEF. There is no excuse for this seeming lack of leadership, not while disease, hunger, and death continue to take their toll.

[From the Milwaukee (Wis.) Journal, May 21, 1953]

LEAGUE BACKS CHILDREN'S AID-ASKS FUNDS BE GIVEN

LAKE DELTON, WIS.-The League of Women Voters of Wisconsin, concluding its 25th annual convention here Wednesday, voted to ask continued support by the United States for the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

The 200 delegates from 29 local leagues voted to send telegrams to Secretary of State Dulles and Representatives Davis and Laird, Wisconsin Republicans. The message urged immediate appropriation of the remainder of funds authorized for UNICEF by the 82d Congress, saying that the move was necessary to keep the fund from collapsing.

Such action would create good will toward the United States throughout the world, the league message asserted.

The delegates also asked Governor Kohler and State Senator Lenroot (Republican, Superior) and Assemblyman Ludvigsen (Republican, Hartland) of the joint finance committee for a surtax and any necessary income-tax changes to keep the State from going into debt. This is constitutionally forbidden, the women said.

A lively discussion developed during the convention over the appearance of an article in the National Voter, a league publication on the proposed Bricker amendment to the Constitution. Some members felt that the article had not presented both sides of the question.

The proposed amendment would limit treatymaking powers of the President and forbid the U. N. from intervening in United States domestic affairs. The national league board has urged study of the proposal, but has not taken an official stand on it, even though league members feel its provisions are contrary to the league's stand in favor of the U. N.

Following the league's policy of membership direction, the delegates voted to have the State league board write to the national board for complete information on the amendment. They also directed the State unit to inform the national board of the discussion by the convention.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. The committee adjourns.

(Whereupon, at 3:55 p. m., the committee adjourned to reconvene at 10:30 a. m., Tuesday, May 26, 1953.)

(The following statements have been submitted for inclusion in the record :)

STATEMENT OF HON. OWEN J. ROBERTS, PRESIDENT OF THE ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE, RELATING TO THE EXTENSION OF THE MUTUAL SECURITY PRO

GRAM

On behalf of the Atlantic Union Committe, I urge your committee to endorse in full the President's request for $5,828,732,000 for extension of the Mutual Security Program. We believe that at least this full amount is now essential for adequate promotion of our national security as well as for the successful operation of NATO, our primary bulwark against another world war. We believe, further, that any reduction in the amount requested by the President will be at the expense of our national security and our prospects of peace.

The Atlantic Union Committee comprises many thousands of members throughout the country organized in 140 chapters and a national council of nearly 600 leaders in most areas of American life. It has promoted the Atlantic Union resolution which had the support of more than one-fourth of the members of each House of the 82d Congress. In accordance with recent decisions of its board of governors, the committee seeks to bring about an official convention of citizen delegates from democracies to explore the most effective and democratic way to strengthen the unity or union of the free, and supports every action and measure which will promote an integration of the free peoples and thus repel the forces of Soviet communism.

The importance of the Mutual Assistance Program relating to Western Europe for our national security, for the successful development of NATO, for victory in the cold war and for the future of freedom is underlined by three facts pointed out by the Secretary of State on May 5.

1. The NATO allies now have a 3-to-1 lead over the Soviet bloc in production of steel, but if Russia could gain control of Western Europe the ration would be about 50 to 50. This fact is the more significant because the steel production of all other parts of the world is dwarfed by that of each of these areas.

2. Since NATO was founded our allies have contributed three times as much to Atlantic defense as we have contributed aid to them.

3. This program will produce more security for the American people than we could get by spending the same amount of money on a purely national program. In other words, this program provides cheaper defense for America.

A fourth fact, of particular significance in this atomic age, is strategic in nature. Our NATO alliance possesses bases many thousands of miles nearer to Russian production centers than Russian bases are to American cities. If Russia should succeed in gaining control of Western Europe, this strategic relationship would be reversed and the danger of atomic attack on our country

immeasurably increased. Consequently, the unity of the North Atlantic Community and the development of NATO are of vital personal concern to every American family living in one of our great cities.

In the light of these four facts, the benefit to the American people of the program requested by the President and the damage to their highest interests entailed in curtailing this program are readily apparent. I, for one, would not wish to bear the responsibility of reducing the Mutual Security Program now believed to be essential by President Eisenhower, whose judgment on this question is given unique authority by his unparalleled experience in the defense and security of our country.

STATEMENT OF MRS. JOHN G. LEE, PRESIDENT, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF THE UNITED STATES, ON THE MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM

The League of Women Voters of the United States would like to express its views on certain aspects of the mutual security program to the House Foreign Affairs Committee. This program, now going into its third year, embodies all the different types of foreign-aid programs undertaken by the United States. The League of Women Voters would like to emphasize the importance of the following economic features of the mutual security program; namely:

1. Economic aid to Western Europe.

2. Technical assistance to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

3. Funds for development projects in south Asia and the Near East.

4. The United States contribution to the U. N. technical assistance program. Economic aid in the mutual security program is only about one-tenth as great as the military aid being requested, but we believe the economic aid is just as essential as the military.

AID TO EUROPE

The league believes that some economic assistance to Western Europe is still necessary to help those nations carry on their defense program and to achieve greater economic stability. United States aid to Western Europe has been diminishing each year and in the absence of greater world tensions should be eliminated in the near future.

However, the league would like to point out that the United States could do more to build a high level of economic stability in Europe by adopting a liberal trade policy. One of the main reasons continued economic aid is necessary is because nations cannot earn dollars to buy goods essential for their economy. The United States has devoted much time and money to reconstructing the wardamaged industries of Europe and has emphasized the superiority of a free enterprise competitive system over state regulation and ownership of industry. The Europeans themselves will think the United States does not want the most for its money and that we are not sincere about the importance of competition if we do not allow more European goods to be imported into the United States. An increase in such imports is in the national interest and could become a substitute for economic aid.

AID TO UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES

In 1950 the United States began a modest program of providing technical assistance to nations in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. This program was to help the people who want to learn the technical methods of the more advanced countries. The technical-assistance program was, and is, not a relief program, but one designed to produce long-term benefits. The League of Women Voters believes that the technical-assistance program is based on the sound idea of working toward improvements in agriculture, health, and education. We do not expect miracles at once from this type of United States assistance, but we do think that if the program is continued over a number of years, accomplishments in terms of a better standard of living will be evident.

The league also wishes to support the President's request for funds for development projects to supplement the work of the technical experts in the Near East and south Asia. We are aware that after people of one nation learn new methods of improving their standard of living, the next step is to put those methods into practice. This often requires capital equipment not available in that country. Some countries earn sufficient dollars through trade to purchase such equipment. Some nations are able to borrow the money from the United States Export-Import Bank or the International Bank. Others require direct assistance if they are to begin building and developing basic industries which

will benefit immediately their people and their economy. There are nations, especially on the border of the Soviet Union, which are subject to strong Communist pressures; they are in particular need of this type of assistance. We urge that the Congress authorize and appropriate money for development projects.

U. N. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

The League of Women Voters would like the Congress to know that our members strongly support the U. N. program of technical assistance. This is such a small program in terms of the money appropriated that it often goes unnoticed. Yet this U. N. program is one of the most successful aspects of the U. N.'s work. There are nations which would rather receive technical aid from the U. N. than the United States because a history of colonialism colors any relationship with a more advanced nation. The U. N. technical assistance program deserves our continued support.

In conclusion, the league would like to urge the House Foreign Affairs Committee to authorize funds and support appropriations for the economic sections of the Mutual Security Program. Like most United States citizens, league members are interested in economy in Government expenditures, but we believe the majority of United States citizens realize that some tax money spent to build economic strength among the other free nations is a wise investment in a more stable and more peaceful world.

STATEMENT OF D. T. BUCKLEY, CHAIRMAN, GOVERNMENT RELATIONS COMMITTEE, COAL EXPORTERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES, INC., WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC AID UNDER THE MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM

My name is Daniel T. Buckley. I am assistant to the president of Castner, Curran & Bullitt, Inc., with offices located at 60 East 42d Street, New York City. I am appearing in behalf of the Coal Exporters Association of the United States, Inc., in support of the request of the Mutual Security Agency for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1954, which is presently being considered by your committee. Each year since the beginning of the Foreign Aid Assistance Act of 1948, we have appeared in support of the Administration's request for funds. Since my last appearance before your committee in April 1952, there has been a substantial improvement in the European coal situation, and this is best reflected by the increased production that occurred in 1952 by comparison with what coal was produced in 1951.

My exhibit No. 1 attached hereto sets forth the historical survey of coal production by countries on the Continent and in the United Kingdom for the years 1945-52, inclusive. It is interesting to note that there has been a substantial increase in production since the termination of the war in 1945, and that the production for the calendar year 1952 was 472,000,000 metric tons, an increase of 12 million metric tons over the coal production in 1951. Your committee may be interested in knowing that our estimate of production for the calendar year 1952, which was submitted to you in April of last year, indicated a production of 472 million tons. Therefore, it is a source of great satisfaction to our association in having made such an accurate estimate which would not have been possible were it not for the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, whose officials have followed the matter of coal production very closely because of the important part it plays in the economy of Europe.

While there was an increase in European coal production in 1952, there was also a corresponding increase in consumption. The fact that production had increased enabled Europe to curtail substantially its importation of coal from the United States, and this is best reflected by my exhibit No. 2 captioned. "United States Overseas Exports of Bituminous Coal by Continental Groups, Years 1946-52, and Comparison Between January-February-March 1952 and 1953." This table sets forth the overseas exports of bituminous coal from the United States to the various countries of the world and you will note reflects a reduction in shipments to Europe of approximately 7 million net tons for the calendar year 1952 as compared with the calendar year 1951.

The comparison between the first quarter of 1952 and the first quarter of 1953 reflects the general improvement in coal production in Europe and the United Kingdom when we consider that there was exported in the first quarter of 1952 in excess of 9 million tons as compared with only 2 million tons in the first quarter of 1953. However, you will note that the movement of coal to other countries of the world has been quite substantial and the shipments to Asiatic countries are presently running at a rate of approximately 4,600,000 tons a year.

It is expected that exports of coal to all countries of the world will be ap proximately 15 million tons for the present calendar year and the bulk of this tonnage will consist of high quality coking coal of which there is a world shortage and which requirement can be supplied only by the United States.

My exhibit No. 3, captioned "United States Overseas Exports of Bituminous Coal by Countries of Destination and Continental Groups," sets forth the overseas exports of bituminous coal by countries of destination and continental groups for the first quarter of 1953 as compared with the first quarter of 1952 and country by country in Europe, and shows the material improvement that has taken place in the production of coal in Europe and the United Kingdom since a year ago. This improvement has enabled these countries to get along on a substantially lower tonnage from the United States than was needed when their production was at a much lower level.

My exhibit No. 4 sets forth single trip vessel rates on coal from Atlantic ports to selected European destinations by months from January 1951 to May 1953, inclusive. This shows a substantial reduction in water transportation rates since January 1951. This has enabled the European coal consumer to purchase coal at a substantially lower cost, and this has had a very definite effect on the European economy because it has resulted in the production of coke and gas at a much lower cost than when the vessel rates were at substantially higher levels.

Many people believe that the shipment of American coal to Europe is paid for with dollars appropriated by Congress and this misunderstanding continues to exist in this country whenever the exports of American coal to Europe are discussed. Therefore, we once again wish to state for the benefit of Congress and the American people that approximately 75 percent of the dollar payments made by European countries in the aggregate are free dollars; that is, dollars which they themselves pay from their dollar earnings and not from dollars advanced by the United States through the Mutual Security Agency. There are many countries in Europe who pay in free dollars for 100 percent of their American coal imports, and this has been true for the past several years. The actual dollar expenditures on the part of our country for the approximately 21 million tons of coal exported to Europe last year was only $66 million which indicates that the balance of these purchases of some $200 million were paid for with free dollars.

The countries in Europe have shown a vast improvement in the overall coal supply situation, but there is still a deficit of high-quality coking coal needed for the vitally important steel industry, and the United States is the only source able to satisfy this deficit.

There has been a substantial reduction in the price of United States coal and in the cost of vessel transportation so that United States coal of the highest quality can be delivered in Europe at approximately the same price as coal from the Ruhr and the United Kingdom.

The present level of coal shipments from the United States to Europe of the high quality coking coal no longer represents a major drain on the European dollar resources, but the principal dollar payment with MSA funds is for the purchase of fuel oil which is moving into Europe from the Middle East in everincreasing quantities and has created a most serious dollar problem.

In the past coal was the major source of energy supply in Europe. However, there has been a definite trend toward the importation of Middle East oil to Europe, a substantial part of which is paid for with MSA dollars. We believe that the European coal-producing countries deserve commendation for the excellent production job that has been done in recent years, and when we consider that their operating conditions are entirely different from what we find in the United States, and the fact that their mines do not lend themselves as easily to mechanization, which results in having to produce most of their tonnage with manual labor, it is most encouraging to note the real improvement that has taken place during the past several years.

It is also a fact that these countries do not have the unlimited coal reserves such as exist in the United States; their seams of coal are much thinner, the mines are much deeper, and the substantial improvement that has occurred is a great tribute to their honest desire to help themselves rather than to depend upon outside sources for the major part of their energy supply.

We believe that by furnishing the best quality of coking coal at the lowest possible delivered price we are performing a real service to the European consumer, and will continue to do so until such time as Europe will once again be able to fully meet its own requirements.