are now and do have people, technical people, who know how to maintain equipment and know how to train people to maintain equipment, who are going out on those projects and are training the local Indians how to maintain and how to repair those machines.

Mrs. BOLTON. May I include something at that point? We have had a number of people say to us, "We have the top technicians. What we need are garage mechanics."

Mr. ANDREWS. That is true, but I do not believe we can move a garage mechanic from here over there.

Mrs. BOLTON. Not in any numbers, but we can train theirs.

Mr. ANDREWS. You have to train the local people in that job and we do have training schools running all over the place. Also there are special training schools in quite a number of countries. I hope to have tomorrow a little exhibit here to show you the type of millwork and things they are doing-mostly young fellows, who are now taking on the techniques of repairing Chevrolet cars and all that sort of thing. Believe it or not, whether we like it or not, this "gadget civilization" is invading these areas and it is a fact that western industrial techniques are going in there and you cannot cope with that without technical people trained to handle that sort of thing.

Take Mexico down here. Mexico is a very sophisticated and rich country and it is spending millions of dollars on transportation and trucks and cars and tractors and everything else but they are losing about 40 percent of the value of it simply because they do not have people who know how to take care of and repair and run that general business. We are helping them some on that. As I see it that is the kind of thing we have to do.

I could go on for an hour here, sir. I think I shall just quit. Chairman CHIPERFIELD. I just want to ask one question. You say you do not send trucks or tractors into these countries?

Mr. ANDREWS. Only in exceptional cases.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. We had a book 4 inches thick of programs in Ethiopia, so many hundred trucks for this, so many hundred spades, mules, donkeys, and everything else in your programs.

Mr. ANDREWS. In my program?

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. Yes, sir.

Mr. ANDREWS. It might be stuff that is being bought for the International Bank. We don't have that kind of money out there, sir. Chairman CHIPERFIELD, I will find the book.

Mr. ANDREWs. I would like to have it.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. I think we have gone pretty far, and we have started with a new witness. I would suggest that we adjourn until 10:30 tomorrow morning.

Mr. SMITH. Mr. Andrews will be back.

Mr. ANDREWS. I will be back if you wish.

Mrs. BOLTON. I would like to know something tomorrow about the numbers of Americans that are in the various countries of the Near East, on the various programs, the housing they have, their methods of contact with the people in those countries. I would also like to know something about the cooperation in the country, for information. I know of one country where women's organizations have been told to do one thing. They go and do it. They are brushed off to another. Then, they are brushed off again, and finally they are told

to go to their own governments and get the money and, of course, their own governments don't have the money. They don't have the possibilities, and the little school that has done its job perfectly beautifully, a job that is needed desperately, is washed up, largely because there is a run-around all over the place.

Mr. ANDREWS. Does that refer to the St. Joseph's Nursing School out there?

Mrs. BOLTON. No; this is a nursery school and a grammar school,

too.

Mr. ANDREWS. Thank you very much. I will try to have that for you, particularly the nurse part.

Mrs. BOLTON. The country is Lebanon.

Mr. ANDERWs. I know about that case. It makes all of our faces red.

Mrs. BOLTON. I had a very, very troubling, to me, conversation with the Ambassador and his wife when they were here.

Mr. ANDREWS. All I want to do is get the facts on it.

Mr. JUDD. We can't go through every one of these countries, but I wish you would take one country and go through and explain each project that you have in that country. Now, on the basis of 35 countries and 1,750 projects, approximately, that is 50 projects per country. I heard a man from Egypt talking about certain things, and I can see why he would.

I wish you would explain why we should be letting them run airplanes over there, mapping their water supplies and all that kind of stuff.

It seems to me we get into trouble mainly because we take on more than we need to.

Mr. ANDREWS. I would be very glad to answer that mapping service question.

Mr. JUDD. Here is one I will give you in advance. "Social effort: To improve the administration of social programs and training social welfare personnel."

I think it has improved enormously in the last year, and it is still making headway, but I think we are cluttering ourselves up with certain things that are not absolutely necessary, and I believe a certain amount of pruning, here and there, getting down to fewer projects, more emphasis on better financing, a little better control, will make us accomplish more.

Mr. ANDREWS. I agree with you. One of the hardest jobs was to keep this program from going in all directions at the same time.

There is quite a story on that particular thing, but I will be glad to answer both of those tomorrow.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. The hearing will adjourn until 10:30 tomorrow morning.

(Whereupon, at 5:08 p. m., the committee adjourned, to reconvene at 10:30 a. m., Thursday, May 28, 1953.)

MUTUAL SECURITY ACT EXTENSION

THURSDAY, MAY 28, 1953

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS,

Washington, D. C.

The committee met in executive session pursuant to call in room G-3, United States Capitol, at 10: 50 a. m., Hon. Robert E. Chiperfield (chairman) presiding.

Chairman CHIPERFIELD. The committee will come to order.
Whom do you have next, Mr. Wood?

STATEMENT OF HON. C. TYLER WOOD, DEPUTY TO THE DIRECTOR
FOR MUTUAL SECURITY

Mr. WOOD. I had thought that we would plunge right into special economic assistance for the Near East. On this subject our witness would be Mr. Arthur Gardiner, of the State Department.

Since Mrs. Bolton is here, and Mr. Harrison, I suggest we start in with Mr. Gardiner.

Mr. Gardiner will discuss two items in this program. One is a request for $140 million for special economic assistance for the Arab States, Israel, and Iran, and second is a $30 million contribution to the United Nations for Palestine refugees. I would like to point out, before Mr. Gardiner starts, that we are requesting only an authorization for this last $30 million item, not an appropriation.

Chirman CHIPERFIELD. Mr. Wood, before Mr. Gardiner proceeds, would Mr. Andrews wish to make any statement about those tractors? Mr. WOOD. I had thought, Mr. Chairman, in view of the fact that certain members of this committee could not be here this afternoon, that it would be well to start with Mr. Gardner. Then later we could have Mr. Andrews put in his correction of the record. If we start with Mr. Andrews we might not finish with this other subject this morning. Could I say one other thing before I call on Mr. Gardiner, Mr. Chairman: As you will recall, yesterday there was a request by the committee for an appearance by Admiral Radford. Admiral Radford, I am informed is today appearing before a joint session of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees. It is impossible to say at the moment whether or not those committees will have finished with him by the end of the morning session. If they should do so, Admiral Radford would be pleased and eager to appear before this committee this afternoon. He is, unfortunately, leaving for the Far East tonight, so if he should not be able to appear this afternoon there is a problem of when and how he can be brought before this committee. I was therefore about to suggest that the Defense Department advise us as soon as it is known whether or not the Senate and 811

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House Armed Services Committees wish him to return this afternoon. If not, he will appear before this committee, if the committee would like to hear him.

Mr. HARRISON. When will he be back from the Far East?

Mr. WOOD. He has no definite plans for returning from the Far East immediately. He takes over as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs sometime in August. We are hoping, and so is he, that he may be finished in the Armed Services Committee this morning. As soon as that is known, the Pentagon has promised to inform me. I thought I would inform the committee of that possibility. I assume you would like him to appear if this prior engagement is finished in time.

If we may, we will have Mr. Gardiner proceed with his testimony on special economic assistance in the title II area which, as you know, covers the Near East and Africa. His testimony will cover our aid proposals for the Near East-$140 million for the Arab States, Iran, and Israel, and $30 million for Palestine refugees.

STATEMENT OF ARTHUR Z. GARDINER, POLITICO-ECONOMIC ADVISER, BUREAU OF NEAR EASTERN, SOUTH ASIAN, AND AFRICAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Mr. GARDINER. The request for the Near East and Africa of a total of $194 million is included on page 11 of the Basic Data Book. The sum of $24 million for technical assistance and development in the African dependent overseas territories will be separately justified by representatives of the Mutual Security Agency.

This statement is directed specifically to the request for $140 million for the Arab States, Israel, and Iran and for an authorization, not an appropriation, of $30 million which may be required for contribution to the United Nations under the terms of the Palestine Refugee Aid Act of 1950.

In his testimony on this bill, the Secretary of State made the following statement regarding the program for the Near East:

We believe that that area can best be treated as a whole and that it is not very realistic to think of building a defense within that area against possible Soviet aggression, let us say, as long as the area is torn by conflict and indeed a technical state of war within itself.

We hope that with the discretion which would be allowed us if this legislation is passed in the form proposed, to initiate a program for the entire area which would include among other things, the prospect of a peace between Israel and the Arab States, and that that would provide a foundation upon which a more dependable defense structure could be erected than under present conditions. We do ask for a negotiating power in that area, with the understanding that the purpose will be to bring about the result to whch I alluded.

With this background, it may be well to review the criteria underlying justification for the total sum requested and an indication as to the purposes to which we would expect the funds to be directed. In the first place, it is in the interests of the United States and of all Near Eastern countries to consider the needs of the region, not separating out individual states for special treatment. This is the approach which has been made by the Congress in making provision for assistance in other areas of the world. Opportunity to conciliate issues in the Near East will be enhanced if our record is clearly directed to needs of all concerned in the area.

We have an interest, which has been expressed many times, in the support of Israel and in its maintenance as a stable community in the