Thirdly, from substituting one element for another; as,

A

WORDS.

WORD is one or more Oral elements, or letters used to represent an idea.

2. WORDS ARE DIVIDED into primitive, derivative, simple, and compound.

3. A PRIMITIVE WORD is not derived, but constitutes a root from which other words are formed; as faith, ease.

4. A DERIVATIVE WORD is formed of a primitive and an affix or prefix; as faithful, disease.

5. A SIMPLE WORD is one that can not be divided without destroying the sense; as an, the, book.

6. A COMPOUND WORD is formed by two or more words; as inkstand, book-binder, laughing-stock.

IN

VIII.

ANALYSIS OF WORDS.

N order to secure a practical knowledge of the preceding definitions and tables, to learn to spell spoken words by their oral elements, and to understand the uses of let

ters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple analysis.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v—salve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic.' The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic.

2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by five letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of ƒ; hence, it is a cognate of f. E is silent.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sh -shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic.

2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, stated, is as follows:-All modified breathings are Atonics;

The analysis logical.-It will be seen that this analysis is strictly logical; and that each conclusion is deduced from two premises, one of which (the major proposition) is suppressed. The first syllogism, fully

The oral element of s is a modified breathing;

Hence, the oral element of 8 is an Atonic.

it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ö.

ANALYSIS-1st. The compound word FRUIT'-BUD is a dissyllable, accented on the penult. In pronunciation, it is formed by the union of seven oral elements; frôt'-bůdfruit'-bud. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The third is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The fourth is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The fifth is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The sixth is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The seventh is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic.

2d. The word FRUIT-BUD, in writing, is represented by eight letters; fruit-bud. Frepresents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of v; hence, it is a cognate of v. R represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. The combination ui is formed by the union of two vowels; hence, it is a diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of o. Trepresents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of d; hence, it is a cognate of d. B represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lips; hence, it is a labial. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of p; hence, it is a cognate of p. U represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. D represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of t; hence, it a cognate of t.

is

ality it should be pronounced nearly like a as , gråss; as,

y sister ǎ smile, a kind word, and ǎ kiss.

hen not emphatic nor immediately followed by commences with a vowel sound, should be pro

; as,

peach, the (thu) plum, the apple, and the (thu) urs. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen ?

EDED BY R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its quivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of me syllable, it has always the sound of o in

re that shrewd youth was rude?

BE TRILLED when immediately followed by a in the same syllable. When thus situated in rds, it should always be trilled; as,

brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling.

X.

EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION.

letters are here omitted, in most of the examd the words are spelled as they should be proStudents will read the sentences several times, tely and in concert, uttering all the oral eleforce and distinctness. They will also analyze

-A in many words, naccented syllable, is hort (ă), its quantity

or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ǎlås, ǎmåss, ǎbåft.