NOTE.-Notification Requirements. The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513; 104 Stat. 2007), as continued by Public Law 102-145, as amended, provided the following:

"SEC. 523. For the purposes of providing the Executive Branch with the necessary administrative flexibility, none of the funds made available under this Act for 'Agriculture, rural development, and nutrition, Development Assistance', 'Population, Development Assistance', 'Child Survival Fund', 'Health, Development Assistance', 'International AIDS Prevention and Control Program', 'Education and human resources development, Development Assistance', 'Private Sector, environment, and energy, Development Assistance', 'Science and technology, Development Assistance', 'Sub-Saharan Africa, Development Assistance', 'International organizations and programs', 'American schools and hospitals abroad', "Trade and development program', 'International narcotics control', 'Economic support fund', 'Peacekeeping operations', 'Operating expenses of the Agency for International Development', 'Operating expenses of the Agency for International Development Office of Inspector General', 'Anti-terrorism assistance', 'Foreign Military Financing Program', 'International military education and training', 'Inter-American Foundation', 'African Development Foundation', 'Peace Corps', or 'Migration and refugee assistance', shall be available for obligation for activities, programs, projects, type of materiel assistance, countries, or other operation not justified or in excess of the amount justified to the Appropriations Committees for obligation under any of these specific headings for the current fiscal year unless the Appropriations Committees of both Houses of Congress are previously notified fifteen days in advance: Provided, That the President shall not enter into any commitment of funds appropriated for the purposes of section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act for the provision of major defense equipment, other than conventional ammunition, or other major defense items defined to be aircraft, ships, missiles, or combat vehicles, not previously justified to Congress or 20 per centum in excess of the quantities justified to Congress unless the Committees on Appropriations are notified fifteen days in advance of such commitment: Provided further, That this section shall not apply to any reprogramming for an activity, program, or project under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 of less than 20 per centum of the amount previously justified to the Congress for obligation for such activity, program, or project for the current fiscal year.".

Sec. 103.8 Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition.— (a)(1) In recognition of the fact that the great majority of the people of developing countries live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related pursuits for their livelihood, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition

(A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and malnutrition;

(B) to expand significantly the provision of basic services to rural poor people to enhance their capacity for self-help; and (C) to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a more viable economic base and enhance opportunities for improved incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural poor people to the economic and social development of their countries.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $760,000,000 for the fiscal year 1986 and $760,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987.9 Of these amounts, the President may use such amounts as he deems appropriate to carry out the provisions of section 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980.10

(3) 11 Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in paragraph; (2) for the fiscal year 1987, not less than $2,000,000 shall be available only for the purpose of controlling and eradicating amblyomman variegatum (heartwater) in bovine animals in the Caribbean.

(b)(1) Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily for activities which are specifically designed to increase the productivity and income of the rural poor, through such means as creation and strengthening of local institutions linked to the regional and national levels; organization of a system of financial institutions which provide both savings and credit services to the poor; stimulation of small, labor-intensive enterprises in rural towns; improvement of marketing facilities and systems; expansion of rural infrastructure and utilities such as farm-to-market roads, water management systems, land improvement, energy, and storage facilities; establishment of more equitable and more secure land tenure arrangements; and creation and strengthening of systems to provide other services and supplies needed by farmers,

822 U.S.C. 2151a. Sec. 103, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973 (87 Stat. 715), was amended and restated by sec. 103(a) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 943). Previous amendments to sec. 103 were made by sec. 2 of Public Law 93559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 302 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 856), and by sec. 102 of Public Law 9588 (91 Stat. 534).

9 The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 were added by sec. 302 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). Authorizations for recent years included: fiscal year 1975-$500,000,000; fiscal year 1976$618,000,000; fiscal year 1977-$745,000,000; fiscal year 1978 $580,000,000; fiscal year 1979$665,231,000; fiscal year 1980-$659,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$713,500,000. fiscal year 1982$700,000,000; fiscal year 1983-$700,000,000; fiscal year 1984 $725,213,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal year 1988-no authorization; fiscal year 1989-no authorization; fiscal year 1990-no authorization; fiscal year 1991-no authorization; fiscal year 1992-no authorization. 10 Sec. 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 concerns world hunger and instructs the Director of IDCA to encourage the ongoing work of PVOs to deal with world hunger problems abroad. See page 462 for complete text of sec. 316.

11 Paragraph 3 was added by sec. 1304 of Public Law 99-399 (100 Stat. 898).

such as extension, research, training, fertilizer, water, forestry, soil conservation, and improved seed, in ways which assure access to them by small farmers.

(2) In circumstances where development of major infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth in this section, assistance for that purpose should be furnished under this chapter in association with significant contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. Infrastructure projects so assisted should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor.

(3) 12 The Congress recognizes that the accelerating loss of forests and tree cover in developing countries undermines and offsets efforts to improve agricultural production and nutrition and otherwise to meet the basic human needs of the poor. Deforestation results in increased flooding, reduction in water supply for agricultural capacity, loss of firewood and needed wood products, and loss of valuable plants and animals. In order to maintain and increase forest resources, the President is authorized to provide assistance under this section for forestry projects which are essential to fulfill the fundamental purposes of this section. Emphasis shall be given to community woodlots, agroforestry, reforestation, protection of watershed forests, and more effective forest management.

(c) The Congress finds that the greatest potential for significantly expanding availability of food for people in rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural development and expanded food production in the poorest nations of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a principal element contributing to broadly based economic growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds under this section, special attention shall be given to increasing agricultural production in countries which have been designated as "least developed" by the United Nations General Assembly.

(d) Assistance provided under this section shall also be used in coordination with programs carried out under section 104 to help improve nutrition of the people of developing countries through encouragement of increased production of crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning, research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the President is encouraged―

(1) to devise and carry out in partnership with developing countries a strategy for programs of nutrition and health improvement for mothers and children, including breast feeding; and

(2) to provide technical, financial, and material support to individuals or groups at the local level for such programs.

12 Par. (3) and subsec. (f) were added by sec. 101 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 359).

(e) Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities provided under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 which are owned by foreign governments shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions of this section.

(f) 12 The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to enhance their national food security deserves encouragement as a matter of United States development assistance policy. Measures complementary to assistance for expanding food production in developing countries are needed to help assure that food becomes increasingly available on a regular basis to the poor in such countries. Therefore, United States bilateral assistance under this Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, and United States participation in multilateral institutions, shall emphasize policies and programs which assist developing countries to increase their national food security by improving their food policies and management and by strengthening national food reserves, with particular concern for the needs of the poor, through measures encouraging domestic production, building national food reserves, expanding available storage facilities, reducing postharvest food losses, and improving food distribution.

(g) 13 (1) In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue United States participation in and may make contributions to the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

(2) Of the aggregate amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out part I of this Act, up to $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and up to $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 14 may be made available, by appropriation or by transfer, for United States contributions to the second replenishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Sec. 103A.15 Agricultural Research.-Agricultural research carried out under this Act shall (1) take account of the special needs of small farmers in the determination of research priorities, (2) include research on the interrelationships among technology, institutions, and economic, social, environmental, 16 and cultural factors affecting small-farm agriculture, and (3) make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and especially on institutional and other arrangements needed to assure that small farmers have effective access to both new and existing improved technology.

13 Sec. 1001 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) amended and restated subsec. (g). Subsec. (g), in its previous form, had been added by sec. 301(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1532). It previously read as follows: "In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue to participate in and may provide, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, up to $180,000,000 to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this subsection $180,000,000, except that not more than $40,500,000 may be appropriated under this subsection for the fiscal year 1982. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.".

14 Congress did not enact an authorization for fiscal year 1992. Sec. 120 of the Further Continuing Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1992 (Public Law 102-145, as amended) provided a new fiscal year 1992 earmark of $18,362,000 for this program. For related text, see page 560.

15 22 U.S.C. 2151a-1. Sec. 103A was added by sec. 303 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). 16 The word "environmental," was added by sec. 103(d) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 945).

Sec. 104.17 Population and Health. (a) FINDINGS.-The Congress recognizes that poor health conditions and uncontrolled population growth can vitiate otherwise successful development efforts. Large families in developing countries are the result of complex social and economic factors which change relatively slowly among the poor majority least affected by economic progress, as well as the result of a lack of effective birth control. Therefore, effective family planning depends upon economic and social change as well as the delivery of services and is often a matter of political and religious sensitivity. While every country has the right to determine its own policies with respect to population growth, voluntary population planning programs can make a substantial contribution to economic development, higher living standards, and improved health and nutrition.

Good health conditions are a principal element in improved quality of life and contribute to the individual's capacity to participate in the development process, while poor health and debilitating disease can limit productivity.

(b) ASSISTANCE FOR POPULATION PLANNING.-In order to increase the opportunities and motivation for family planning and to reduce the rate of population growth, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for voluntary population planning. In addition to the provision of family planning information and services, including also information and services which relate to and support natural family planning methods, 18 and the conduct of directly relevant demographic research, population planning programs shall emphasize motivation for small families.

(c) ASSISTANCE FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE PREVENTION. (1) 19 In order to contribute to improvements in the health of the greatest number of poor people in developing countries, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for health programs. Assistance under this subsection shall be used primarily for basic integrated health services, safe water and sanitation, disease prevention and control, and related health planning and research. The assistance shall emphasize self-sustaining community-based health programs by means such as training of health auxiliary and other appropriate personnel, support for the establishment and evaluation of projects that can be replicated on a broader scale, measures to improve management of health programs, and other services and suppliers to support health and disease prevention programs.

17 22 U.S.C. 2151b. Sec. 104, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973 (87 Stat. 715), was amended and restated by sec. 104(a) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 945). Previous amendments to sec. 104 were made by sec. 4(1) of Public Law 93559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 304 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 857), and sec. 103 of Public Law 95-88 (91 Stat. 534).

18 The words ", including also information and services which related to and support natural family planning methods," were added by sec. 302(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3145).

19 The paragraph designation "(1)" and a new par. (2) were added by sec. 541(a) of the Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985, as contained in the Continuing Appropriations Act, 1985 (Public Law 98-473). This amendment had been included as sec. 303 of H.R. 5119, the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1984, as passed by the House on May 10, 1984. Sec. 541(a) enacted sec. 303 of H.R. 5119.