(2) 19 (A) In carrying out the purposes of this subsection, the President shall promote, encourage, and undertake activities designed to deal directly with the special health needs of children and mothers. Such activities should utilize simple, available technologies which can significantly reduce childhood mortality, such as improved and expanded immunization programs, oral rehydration to combat diarrhoeal diseases, and education programs aimed at improving nutrition and sanitation and at promoting child spacing. In carrying out this paragraph, guidance shall be sought from knowledgeable health professionals from outside the agency primarily responsible for administering this part. In addition to government-to-government programs, activities pursuant to this paragraph should include support for appropriate activities of the types described in this paragraph which are carried out by international organizations (which may include international organizations receiving funds under chapter 3 of this part) and by private and voluntary organizations, and should include encouragement to other donors to support such types of activities.

(B) 20 In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $75,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 for use in carrying out this paragraph. Amounts appropriated under this subparagraph are authorized to remain available until expended. 21

(C) Appropriations pursuant to subparagraph (B) may be referred to as the "Child Survival Fund."

(3) 22 The Congress recognizes that the promotion of primary health care is a major objective of the foreign assistance program. The Congress further recognizes that simple, relatively low-cost means already exist to reduce incidence of communicable diseases among children, mothers, and infants. The promotion of vaccines for immunization, and salts for oral rehydration, therefore, is an essential feature of the health assistance program. To this end, the Congress expects the agency primarily responsible for administering this part to set as a goal the protection of not less than 80 percent of all children, in those countries in which such agency has established development programs, from immunizable diseases by January 1, 1991. Of the aggregate amounts made available for fiscal year 1987 to carry out paragraph (2) of this subsection (relating to the Child Survival Fund) and to carry out subsection (c) (relating to development assistance for health), $50,000,000 shall be used to carry out this paragraph.

(d) INTEGRATION OF ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. (1) Assistance under this chapter shall be administered so as to give particular attention

20 Sec. 304 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) replaced an authorization figure of "$25,000,000" with "$25,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1987". Section 103(b) of Public Law 99-529 (100 Stat. 3010) replaced the $25,000,000 authorization for fiscal year 1987 with an authorization of $75,000,000.

21 Congress did not enact an authorization for fiscal year 1992.

22 Par. (3) was added by sec. 305 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). Sec. 305(b) of the act provides that: "Each annual report required by section 634 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 shall describe the progress achieved during the preceding fiscal year in carrying out section 104(c)3) of such Act.". The last sentence of paragraph (3) was added by sec. 103(a) of Public Law 99-529 (100 Stat. 3010).

to the interrelationship between (A) population growth, and (B) development and overall improvement in living standards in developing countries, and to the impact of all programs, projects, and activities on population growth. All appropriate activities proposed for financing under this chapter shall be designed to build motivation for smaller families through modification of economic and social conditions supportive of the desire for large families, in programs such as education in and out of school, nutrition, disease control, maternal and child health services, improvements in the status and employment of women, agricultural production, rural development, and assistance to the urban poor, and through community-based development programs which give recognition to people motivated to limit the size of their families.23 Population planning programs shall be coordinated with other programs aimed at reducing the infant mortality rate, providing better nutrition for pregnant women and infants, and raising the standard of living of the poor.

(2) Since the problems of malnutrition, disease, and rapid population growth are closely related, planning for assistance to be provided under subsections (b) and (c) of this section and under section 103 shall be coordinated to the maximum extent practicable.

(3) Assistance provided under this section shall emphasize lowcost integrated delivery systems for health, nutrition, and family planning for the poorest people, with particular attention to the needs of mothers and young children, using paramedical and auxiliary medical personnel, clinics and health posts, commercial distribution systems, and other modes of community outreach.

(e) RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS. (1) Health and population research and analysis carried out under this Act shall

(A) be undertaken to the maximum extent practicable in developing countries by developing country personnel, linked as appropriate with private and governmental biomedical research facilities within the United States;

(B) take account of the special needs of the poor people of developing countries in the determination of research priorities; and

(C) make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions.

(2) The President is authorized to study the complex factors affecting population growth in developing countries and to identify factors which might motivate people to plan family size or to space their children.

(f) PROHIBITION ON USE OF FUNDS FOR ABORTIONS AND INVOLUNTARY STERILIZATIONS.-(1) None of the funds made available to carry out this part may be used to pay for the performance of abortions as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions.

(2) None of the funds made available to carry out this part may be used to pay for the performance of involuntary sterilizations as a method of family planning or to coerce or provide any financial incentive to any person to undergo sterilizations.

23 The reference to community-based development programs was added by sec. 102(b) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360).

(3) 24 None of the funds made available to carry out this part may be used to pay for any biomedical research which relates, in whole or in part, to methods of, or the performance of, abortions or involuntary sterilization as a means of family planning.

(g) AUTHORIZATIONS OF APPROPRIATIONS. (1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes

(A) $290,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $290,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 to carry out subsection (b) of this section; and (B) $205,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $180,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 to carry out subsection (c) of this section. (2) Funds appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended. 25

Sec. 105.26 Education and Human Resources Development.— (a) 27 In order to reduce illiteracy, to extend basic education, and to increase manpower training in skills related to development, the President is authorized to furnish assistance on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for education, public administration, and human resource development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such for such purposes, $180,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $180,000,000 for fiscal year 1987, which are authorized to remain available until expended. 28

24 Par. (3) was added by sec. 302(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1532).

25 The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 to carry out subsecs. (b) and (c) were added by sec. 303 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). Subsequently, sec. 404 of Public Law 99-529 (100 Stat. 3341) replaced the $205,000,000 authorization for subsec. (c) with an authorization of $180,000,000. Authorizations under subsec. (b) in recent years include: fiscal year 1978 $167,000,000; fiscal year 1979 $224,745,000; fiscal year 1980-$201,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$238,000,000; fiscal year 1982 $211,000,000; fiscal year 1983 $211,000,000; fiscal year 1984 $244,600,000; fiscal year 1985 no authorization; fiscal year 1988-no authorization; fiscal year 1989-no authorization; fiscal year 1990-no authorization; fiscal year 1991-no authorization. Authorizations under subsec. (c) in recent years include: fiscal year 1978 $107,700,000; fiscal year 1979 $148,494,000; fiscal year 1980-$141,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$145,300,000; fiscal year 1982-$133,405,000; fiscal year 1983 $133,405,000 (of the 1982 and 1983 subsec. (c) authorizations, not less than 16 percent or $38,000,000 whichever amount is less was made available for United Nations Fund for Population Activities); fiscal year 1984 $133,404,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal year 1988-no authorization; fiscal year 1989-no authorization; fiscal year 1990-no authorization; fiscal year 1991-no authorization.

Congress did not enact an authorization for fiscal year 1992. Fiscal year 1992 appropriations for this activity are, for "Population, Development Assistance" under section 104(b), $246,305,000 ($250,000,000, reduced by 1.4781 per cent as required by sec. 126 of Public Law 102-145, as amended). For relevant appropriations text, see paragraphs on "Population, Development Assistance", "Health, Development Assistance", and "International AIDS Prevention and Control Program", title II, Public Law 101-513, pages 574 and 575.

26 22 U.S.C. 2151c. Sec. 105 was added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973.

27 Sec. 305 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849) added subsection designation “(a)" and new subsecs. (b) and (c).

28 The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 were added by sec. 306 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). Authorizations for recent years include fiscal year 1975 $92,000,000; fiscal year 1976$89,200,000; fiscal year 1977-$101,800,000; fiscal year 1978 $84,900,000; fiscal year 1979$126,244,000; fiscal year 1980 $105,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$101,000,000; fiscal year 1982$103,600,000; fiscal year 1983 $103,600,000; fiscal year 1984 $121,477,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal year 1988-no authorization; fiscal year 1989-no authorization; fiscal year 1990 no authorization; fiscal year 1991-no authorization; fiscal year 1992-no authorization. See text eliminating earmarks under this section for fiscal year 1992, as detailed in sec. 116 of Public Law 102-145, as amended, page 557.

(b) 27. 29 Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily to expand and strengthen nonformal education methods, especially those designed to improve productive skills of rural families and the urban poor and to provide them with useful information; to increase the relevance of formal education systems to the needs of the poor, especially at the primary level, through reform of curricula, teaching materials, and teaching methods, and improved teacher training; and to strengthen the management capabilities of institutions which enable the poor to participate in development. Assistance under this section shall also be provided for advanced education and training of people of developing countries in such disciplines as are required for planning and implementation of public and private development activities. 30

(c) 27, 31 **

Sec. 106.32 Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected Development Activities.-(a)(1)(A) 33 The Congress finds that

29 Sec. 562 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513; 104 Stat. 2026), added a new chapter 10 to part I of this Act, providing for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa (see page 152), and made conforming amendments by striking out paragraph designation "(1)" and by striking out paragraph (2). Paragraph (2), previously added by sec. 201 of Public Law 99-440 (100 Stat. 1094), formerly read as follows:

"(2XAXi) of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section for the fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989, not less than $4,000,000 shall be used in each such fiscal year to finance education, training, and scholarships for the victims of apartheid, including teachers and other educational professionals, who are attending universities and colleges in South Africa. Amounts available to carry out this subparagraph shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of section 802(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985. "(ii) Funds made available for each such fiscal year for purposes of chapter 4 of part II of this Act may be used to finance such education, training, and scholarships in lieu of an equal amount made available under this subparagraph.

"(B)(i) In addition to amounts used for purposes of subparagraph (A), the agency primarily responsible for administering this part, in collaboration with other appropriate departments or agencies of the United States, shall use assistance provided under this section or chapter 4 of part II of this Act to finance scholarships for students pursuing secondary school education in South Africa. The selection of scholarship recipients shall be by a nationwide panel or by regional panels appointed by the United States chief of diplomatic mission to South Africa.

(ii) of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section and chapter 4 of part II of this Act for the fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989, up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 may be used in each such fiscal year for purposes of this subparagraph.

"(CXi) In addition to the assistance authorized in subparagraph (A), the agency primarily responsible for administering this part shall provide assistance for in-service teacher training programs in South Africa through such nongovernmental organizations as TOPS or teachers'

unions.

"(ii) of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section and chapter 4 of part II of this Act, up to an aggregate of $500,000 for the fiscal year 1987 and up to an aggregate of $1,000,000 for the fiscal year 1988 may be used for purposes of this subparagraph, subject to standard procedures for project review and approval.".

30 This sentence was added by sec. 103(b) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360).

31 Subsec. (c), which authorized funds during fiscal year 1977 and fiscal year 1978 for the southern African student program and the southern African training program, was repealed by sec. 122 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 366).

32 22 U.S.C. 2151d. Sec. 106, as added by Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849), was amended by sec. 104 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360) by redesignating subsecs. (a) and (b) as (c) and (d) and by adding new subsecs. (a) and (b). A prior version of sec. 106 (added in 1973 by Public Law 93-189) had also been repealed by Public Law 94-161. Before its repeal, sec. 106 had concerned "Selected Development Problems", authorizing the President to furnish assistance to help solve economic and social development problems in fields such as transportation, power, industry, urban development, and export development. Sec. 304(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) substituted the current section heading in lieu of "Technical Assistance, Energy, Research, Reconstruction, and Selected Development Activities".

33 Sec. 304(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3146) redesignated pars. (1), (2), (3), and (4) of subsec. (a) as subpars. (A), (B), (C), and (D), respectively; redesignated subpars. (A), (B), and (C) of former par. (3) as clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively; and added a new par. (2).

energy development and production are vital elements in the development process, that energy shortages in developing countries severely limit the development process in such countries, that twothirds of the developing countries which import oil depend on it for at least 90 percent of the energy which their economies require, and that the dramatic increase in world oil prices since 1973 has resulted in considerable economic hardship for many developing countries. The Congress is concerned that the value and purpose of much of the assistance provided to developing countries under sections 103, 104, and 105 are undermined by the inability of many developing countries to satisfy their energy requirements. Unless the energy deficit of the developing countries can be narrowed by more fully exploiting indigenous sources of energy such as oil, natural gas, and coal, scarce foreign exchange will increasingly have to be diverted to oil imports, primarily to the detriment of longterm development and economic growth.

(B) 33 The Congress recognizes that many developing countries lack access to the financial resources and technology necessary to locate, explore, and develop indigenous energy resources.

(C) 33 The Congress declares that there is potential for at least a moderate increase by 1990 in the production of energy for commercial use in the developing countries which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In addition, there is a compelling need for vigorous efforts to improve the available data on the location, scale, and commercial exploitability of potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves in developing countries, especially those which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The Congress further declares that there are many benefits to be gained by the developing countries and by the United States and other developed countries through expanded efforts to expedite the location, exploration, and development of potential sources of energy in developing countries. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the following:

(i) 33 The world's energy supply would be increased and the fear of abrupt depletion would be lessened with new energy production. This could have a positive impact upon energy prices in international markets as well as a positive effect upon the balance of payments problems of many developing countries.

(ii) 33 Diversification of the world's supplies of energy from fossil fuels would make all countries, developing and developed, less susceptible to supply interruptions and arbitrary production and pricing policies.

(iii) 33 Even a moderate increase in energy production in the developing countries would improve their ability to expand commercial trade, foreign investment, and technology transfer possibilities with the United States and other developed countries.

(D) 33 Assistance for the production of energy from indigenous resources, as authorized by subsection (b) of this section, would be of direct benefit to the poor in developing countries because of the overwhelming impact of imported energy costs upon the lives of the poor and their ability to participate in development.