WARWICK CASTLE.

style of the more ancient portions. Be this as it may, the general effect of the interior is fine, and the magnificent windows of stained glass add greatly to the grandeur of the view. The church boasts also a very ancient and elaborate clock, which plays the chimes and exhibits various figures as it strikes the hours.

The most ancient portion of St. Mary's is Our Lady's, or, as it is more commonly termed, the "Beauchamp" Chapel, which, fortunately, escaped the ravages of the fire. This chapel is considered by judges one of the finest specimens of decorated Gothic extant in England. It was erected during the reign of King Henry VI. by Richard. Beauchamp, fifth and last Earl of Warwick of that name, to serve as a receptacle for his tomb. The entrance is situated on the south side of the church, and is formed by a finely sculp tured porch, the effect of which is peculiar. The entire length. of the chapel is fifty-eight feet, its width twenty-five, and its height thirty-two. It has three floors, rising one above the other, and composed of black and white tesselated marble; on either side of the altar is a highly ornamented shrine and a basso-relievo of white marble representing the Annunciation of

the Virgin Mary. The whole chapel is one mass of carving and embellishment, and is lighted by a large window on which are figured, in the richest stained glass, the arms and portraits of all the Earls of Warwick of the Beauchamp and Dudley lines. The bear and ragged staff, the wellknown emblem of these earls, is repeated wherever it can by any possibility be brought in-even being used instead of a stop in punctuating the inscriptions upon the tombs. The monument of the founder of the chapel is one of the most magnificent specimens of mortuary art in existence. The earl is represented with life-like fidelity in gilt bronze, lying in full armor, with his hands raised in an attitude of prayer, the statue being inclosed in a sort of cage formed of bars of gilt bronze, as represented in the annexed engraving. The pedestal, which is of black marble, is ornamented with the arms of Beauchamp, sculptured in bronze, and with fourteen small bronze figures representing various members of the dead man's family. The smaller tomb seen in the engraving is that of Ambrose Dudley, created Earl of Warwick in the

reign of Queen Elizabeth. The tomb of his brother, the celebrated Robert, Earl of Leicester, is also yet preserved in the church, as well as those of several others, members of the Beauchamp family.

There are several more buildings of interest on High Street, but none that are deserving of any special notice. A beautiful A beautiful old cross which, as late as the reign of James I., marked the center of the town, has long since disappeared, and is only known by Leland's description. At the south-east end of the city, on the bank of the Avon, stands Warwick Castle, an edifice of almost more renown even than the neighboring Kenilworth, and the best preserved specimen of a Gothic castle in England. It has lately, unfortunately, been the scene of a disastrous conflagration, which, although luckily sparing the most ancient portions of the castle, has yet destroyed many very interesting relics of the past. The great hall, renovated at a very considerable expense some forty years ago, is totally ruined, with the exception of the outer walls, and none of its valuable antiquarian contents, which included many articles impossible to be replaced, were saved. The dining-room, the library, the breakfast-room (of the time of Charles II.), and Lord Warwick's boudoir, are also either entirely destroyed, or so much damaged by fire as to require a complete restoration, but their invaluable contents are for the most

part safe. A public subscription has been set on foot in England for the purpose of assisting Lord Warwick to bear the expense of restoring the castle, which is justly felt to be rather a national monument than a private possession.

The epoch of the foundation of this renowned fortress is uncertain, some placing the site of a Roman presidium here, though the best authorities do not accept this supposition. Probably it was first built by Ethelfleda, a sister of King Alfred the Great, as above stated. William the Norman paid especial attention to it and caused its fortifications to be considerably enlarged and strengthened. In the reign of King Henry III. William Mauduit, the then earl, sided with the king in the contests which that monarch so often waged

with his refractory barons.

The barons having assembled a large force at Kenilworth, the Earl of Warwick was ordered to put his castle in a good state of defense to repel any attack they might attempt. He appears, however, to have neglected to take any measures of precaution whatsoever, and was consequently surprised by the insurgents, he and his countess brought as prisoners to Kenilworth, and his castle utterly dismantled. In the following reign it was, however, rebuilt by his son-inlaw and successor, William Beauchamp, on a

more extended scale, and much in the form it yet preserves. Although having passed through some vicissitudes, it retained its strength until the time of Elizabeth, when it was converted into a county jail and suffered to fall into decay. For tunately, her successor granted it to the ancestor of the present earl, the Lord Brooke. This nobleman spent a very considerable sum of money in putting it into thorough repair and rendering it habitable. In the next reign, the Lord Brooke (the same who was afterwards shot at the storming of Lichfield Cathedral) having espoused the Parliamentary cause, Warwick Castle was besieged by the Royalists. They were forced to raise the siege, but the castle was much damaged. Since that period it has remained in peaceable possession of the Greville family.

STATUE OF GUY.

It stands upon a rock, towering above the river, embracing within its circumference the space of three acres of ground, and is constructed entirely of sandstone. Its two highest towers, which rise to an altitude of one hundred and fifty feet above the river, are Guy's and Cæsar's towers, both taking their names from local traditions. The outward appearance of the castle is very striking; the irregularities of architecture perceptible in all feudal buildings are unusually strongly marked in this one, and the rude old towers are half concealed by luxuriant ivy and shrubs of various species which vegetate within the interstices of the mouldering stones. The moat has long since been laid dry and sown with grass, and its bottom forms a pleasant walk around the castle. One of the features of this fortress is a large artificial mound, on which the keep or donjon is situated. Beneath the castle a fine new stone bridge, presented toll-free by the late Earl of Warwick to the townspeople, crosses the Avon.

On entering the building we find its interior arrangements fully commensurate with its external air of grandeur. The great hall, now destroyed, was a magnificent apartment, seventy feet long by thirty feet high and fifty

broad. It contained a splendid collection of ancient armor, mostly illustrative of the previous history of the castle, and several pairs of enormous fossil deer's-horns found in the peat-mosses of Ireland. Its large Gothic windows commanded a delightful prospect over the surrounding park and pleasuregrounds, in which the Avon forms a most noticeable feature. Among other fine chambers, the most remarkable is the bed-room of Queen Elizabeth, in which she slept when on a visit to Ambrose Dudley, the brother of her favorite the Earl of Leicester. There is also a very extensive armory. Most of this magnificence is due to the unbounded love of display and profuse expenditure of the possessor about the commencement of this century, who also laid out the beautiful pleasure-grounds, nearly ruining his family by his extravagant tastes. The grounds must indeed have consumed vast sums in their construction, and require the possession of a princely income to enable their owner to keep them in proper order.

The park is three miles long, and is laid out with the utmost skill, after the style of the last century, in lawns interspersed with shrubs and bushes of every kind of foliage, from the light leaf of the holly to the somber hues of the pine. Amongst these stand many trees of immense size, probably contemporary with the rugged towers which look down on them from the overhanging rock. The pride of the park, however, are some ancient cedars of Lebanon, -said to have been brought directly from the Holy Land by some old crusading earl, -which show evidences of great antiquity. Another object of interest here is an immense Etruscan vase, one of the most perfect extant, which was excavated at Hadrian's Villa, near Rome, and presented to the Earl of Warwick by the celebrated connoisseur and antiquarian Sir William Hamilton. A sketch of Warwick would be incomplete unless it included a short description of "Guy's Cliff House," a representation of which is accordingly given-although, strictly speaking, it does not appertain to the town.

This mansion, so celebrated for its beautiful situation and romantic associations, stands about a mile and a quarter from Warwick on the road to Kenilworth. It is built upon the highest of a group of bold and precipitous cliffs, from which, and an ancient legend related of it, it received its name. It is said that the celebrated hero Guy, Saxon Earl of Warwick, after having encountered and slain a gigantic Danish champion called Col

brand in single combat, resolved upon passing the remainder of his days in penitence and prayer. He accordingly quitted his countess, the lovely Felicia, and went on foot in pilgrim's garb to worship at the shrine of Our Saviour at Jerusalem. After wandering for several years, visiting many holy places, and imploring the intercession of saints and martyrs, he returned, still clad in palmer's weeds, to his native place, where he remained unknown to every one, even to his faithful wife. He took up his residence at Guy's Cliff, in which he cut with his own hands a cave out of the solid rock-at least so the old ballad informs us :

"At length to Warwick I did come,

Like pilgrim poor, and was not known;
And there I lived a hermit life,

A mile or more out of the town. Here with my hands I hewed a house Out of a craggy rock of stone, And lived like a palmer poor Within that cave, myself alone." Tradition avers that he daily repaired to the gates of his own castle and received the dole his charitable countess distributed with her own hand to the poor, and that he did not make himself known to her till he was on his death-bed, when he sent her his signetring. She immediately hastened to the husband she had so long and vainly been expecting, and arrived in time to close his dying eyes. He was buried on the spot where he had dwelt so long. Thus runs the old story. Dugdale and other antiquaries, however, who consider the earlier Guy to have been a totally fictitious personage, assert that this place was named after Guido or Guy de Beauchamp, who laid the foundations of a chapel here which was afterwards completed by his successor, Richard. In this chapel, which was built in the reign of Henry VI., and is still in excellent preservation, stands a gigantic but greatly mutilated statue of the redoubtable Guy. The castle itself is mod-| ern, and is celebrated for its fine collection of pictures and for its singularly beautiful site and prospects. From its windows may be traced the course of the river Avon flowing far below, between sunny meadows and trees of the largest growth; the ancient mill embosomed in foliage forms one of the most attractive features in the landscape, and above the mill is the spot where Piers Galveston, the worthless and haughty favorite VOL. IV.-13

of Edward II., was beheaded by order of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, whose enmity he had incurred by insultingly terming him, in allusion to his swarthy complexion, "the black hound of Arden." Villages and churches peep forth from the surrounding groves, and the carefully laid out plantations which environ the building form a foreground which at once enhances and varies the charms of the scene, according as it is viewed from one side or the other of the house. The reputation of Guy's Cliff for natural scenery is by no means of modern date. Leland, in his Itinerary, written during the reign of King Henry VIII., says: "It is the abode of pleasure, a place meet for the Muses; there are natural cavities in the rocks, shady groves, clear and crystal streams, flowery meadows, mossy caves, a gentle murmuring river running among, the rocks; and, to crown all, solitude and quiet; friendly in so high a degree to the Muses." Camden, in his Britannia, Dugdale, and Fuller are equally enthusiastic in their praises of this delightful spot. In the court-yard the cave once inhabited by Guy is shown; it certainly appears a fit place to do penance in. It is now closed by two strong folding oak doors, and contains a massive and ancient-looking oak chest, though how this came there, or for what purpose it was used, is not known. Dugdale asserts that this cave was in use as a place of monastic seclusion fully four centuries before the date assigned to the fabulous Guy, but a permanent priest was first appointed here in the time of Edward III. to pray for the soul of the then living Earl of Warwick and for those of his departed parents. Henry V. visited this spot, and, struck by its beauties, intended to found a charity here; but his early death prevented him, and his pious intention was carried out in the reign of his successor by Richard, Earl of Warwick, as has been before mentioned. The mansion of Guy's Cliff is founded on the solid rock, from which the cellars and some of the offices are cut. Although modern, with the exception of the chapel, it has been constructed in a style which harmonizes well with the surrounding scenery. It is at present in the possession of the Hon. C. B. Percy, to whom it passed by inheritance from the family of the Greatheads.

I HAVE been asked to say something of Journalism, and of schemes of special instruction for it. The Chancellor and Faculty have had in view, however, no absurd plan for turning raw boys into trained editors by the easy process of cramming some new curriculum. West Point cannot make a Soldier; and the University of the City of New York cannot give us assurance of an Editor. But West Point can give the training, discipline, special knowledge, without which the born Soldier would find his best efforts crippled, and with which men not born to military greatness may still do valuable service. There were thousands of brave men around Toulon, but only Napoleon could handle the artillery. It was the scientific training that gave his warlike genius its opportunity and its tools of victory. West Point does the same for the countless Napoleons whom (according to the popular biographies) Providence has been kind enough to send us; and this University may yet do as much for the embryo Bryants and Greeleys, Weeds and Raymonds, and Ritchies and Hales who are to transform American Journalism into a Profession, and emulate the laurels of these earlier leaders, with larger opportunities, on a wider stage, to more beneficent ends.

For Journalism, chaotic, drifting, almost purposeless as it seems to-day, is but in the infancy of its development. It was almost twelve hundred years after Justinian before the Lawyer fairly wrested rule from the Soldier. It is barely a century since "Junius," in the height of his conflict with the Lawyers, and specially with Lord Chief-Justice Mansfield, amended the famous maxim of the great law commentator, and proclaimed, not Blackstone's Trial by Jury, but The Liberty of the Press, "the Palladium of all the civil, political, and religious rights of an Englishman." From his triumph we may fairly date -for good or ill-the birth of genuine Journalism. And how gigantic have been the strides of its progress! From the day of Medleys, and Whig Examiners, and Flying Posts, and Observators, Middlesex Journals, and North Britons, and Woodfall's Public Advertisers-all as nearly forgotten now as they seem worthless-down to the quarto sheet, crowded with yesterday's doings in all continents, and a record in some shape of

Originally prepared at the request of the Chancellor and Board of Regents of the University of the City of New York.

other of the most striking thought of the whole world's thinkers, which you skimmed at the breakfast table, gave your spare halfhours to throughout the day, and can hardly finish till. to-night, seeking mental repose after the excitements of the day's work you take for it the hour before bed-time, and, with the final review of its columns, read yourself again into quiet nerves.

In the largest library in America, the accomplished librarian, himself an old Editor, will show you long rows of the English papers of the last century, and a little way into the century before-dingy little quarto volumes, containing each a whole year's issue, and in the whole, scarcely so much news as in this morning's Herald. In Boston they will show you a number of The Boston News Letter, about the size of some of our play-house programmes, wherein is printed this proud editorial announcement :—

"The undertaker of this News-Letter in January last gave information that, after fourteen years' expe rience, it was impossible, with half a sheet a week, to carry on all the publick occurrences of Europe; to make up which deficiency, and to render the news newer and more acceptable, he has since printed, every other week, a whole sheet,-whereby that which seemed old in the former half-sheet becomes new now by the sheet; which is easy to be seen by any one who will be at the pains to trace back former years, and even this time twelve-months. We were then thirteen months behind with the foreign news, and now we are less than five months; so that, by the sheet, we have retrieved about eight months since January last; and any one that has the News-Letter to January next (life permitted) will be accommodated with all the news from Europe needful to be known in these parts!"

It was in August, 1719, that the leading journal of Boston thus vaunted its enterprise. Let us be just, and admit that they have come, even in those parts, to think it needful to be accommodated with a little more news from Europe.

Nor was Boston singular. It has been common, though rather absurd, to speak of Benjamin Franklin as the father of American journalism. Well, here is his paper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, after he had been at work enlarging and improving it for twelve years. Its entire weekly printed surface is somewhat less than one-eighth of an ordinary daily issue of The N. Y. World, or of The Press, now published in the city from which it was then issued; and of that, one-third is surrendered to advertisements of runaway negroes, runaway Irishmen, Muscovado Sugar, St. Christopher's Rum, and of a fresh import from Jamaica, and to be sold by