points in their own draft resolution. If, however, the Soviet delegation insists that its proposals should be agreed and carried out before there can be any examination of other questions and phases of a disarmament programme, the Sub-Committee will unhappily be faced with the prospect of deadlock. In that event there could be no doubt with whom the responsibility for such a result must lie.

90. CONCLUSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION (TREATY) ON THE REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS AND THE PROHIBITION OF ATOMIC, HYDROGEN AND OTHER WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION: USSR DRAFT RESOLUTION, MARCH 18, 1955 1

The General Assembly instructs the United Nations Disarmament Commission to prepare and submit for confirmation by the Security Council a draft international convention (treaty) designed to strengthen peace and increase international security and providing for the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction and their elimination from the armaments of States, a substantial reduction in armaments and the establishment of international control over the implementation of these decisions on the basis of the French and United Kingdom proposals of 11 June 1954. Accordingly, the convention (treaty) should contain the following basic provisions:

(1) The following measures shall be taken simultaneously:

(a) In the course of six months (or one year), States shall reduce their armaments, armed forces and budgetary appropriations for military requirements to the extent of 50 per cent of the agreed norms. Armaments and armed forces shall be reduced from the strength of armaments and armed forces existing on 1 January 1955, and appropriations shall be reduced from the amount of appropriations for military requirements during 1955.

States parties to the convention (treaty) shall pledge themselves, as a first step towards the reduction of armaments and armed forces, not to increase their armaments and armed forces above the level of 1 January 1955 and not to increase their appropriations for military requirements above the level of the appropriations for these purposes in 1955.

In the case of the United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, France, China and the United Kingdom, a major reduction of armaments and armed forces is considered to be necessary; and with a view to the execution of further measures relating to general disarmament, it is also considered necessary to convene in 1955 a world conference on the general reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, to be attended by States both Members and non-Members of the United Nations.

In establishing the norms for the reduction of armaments of States, simple agreed criteria, including demographic, geographic, economic and political factors shall be taken into account, with a view to the strengthening of world peace and international security and the diminution of the threat of aggression.

UN Document, DC/SC.1/19/Rev. 1, 19 March 1955.

(b) For the purpose of supervising the fulfilment by States of the obligations in connexion with the reduction of armaments and armed forces provided for in sub-paragraph (a), a temporary international control commission shall be established under the Security Council with the right to require States to provide the necessary information on the measures taken by them to reduce armaments and armed forces. The commission shall take the necessary steps to supervise the fulfilment by States of the obligations assumed by them in connexion with the reduction of armaments, armed forces and appropriations for military requirements. States shall periodically supply the commission at established intervals with information concerning the implementation of the measures provided for in the convention (treaty).

(2) On completion of the measures referred to in paragraph (1), the following measures shall be taken simultaneously:

(a) In the course of six months (or one year), States shall reduce their armaments, armed forces and budgetary appropriations for military requirements by the remaining 50 per cent of the agreed norms from the strength of armaments and armed forces existing on 1 January 1955 and shall reduce their appropriations from the amount of appropriations for military requirements during 1955;

(b) A complete prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction shall be carried into effect, the production of such weapons shall be discontinued and they shall be entirely eliminated from the armaments of States; all existing atomic materials shall be used only for peaceful purposes. The carrying out of these measures must be completed not later than the carrying out of the measures taken for the reduction of armaments and armed forces referred to in paragraph (2) (a), and the production of atomic and hydrogen weapons shall cease immediately, as soon as a start is made with the reduction of armaments, armed forces and appropriations for military requirements in respect of the remaining 50 per cent of the agreed norms. States shall institute a standing international organ for the supervision of the implementation of the convention (treaty) on the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction, the discontinuance of the production of these weapons and their elimination from the armaments of States and the reduction of armaments, armed forces and appropriations for military requirements. This international organ shall have powers to exercise supervision, including inspection on a continuing basis, to the extent necessary to ensure implementation of the convention by all States.

In all States signatories to the convention, the international control organ shall have its own permanent staff of inspectors, having unrestricted access, within the limits of the supervisory functions they exercise, to all establishments subject to control. Staff recruited to carry out the work of inspection shall be selected on an international basis.

(3) It is to be hoped that when all the measures enumerated above have been carried out, the armaments and armed forces of the Powers will be further reduced to the levels strictly necessary for the maintenance of internal security and the fulfilment of the

obligations of signatory States under the terms of the United Nations Charter.

91. CONCERNING THE CONCLUSION OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS AND THE PROHIBITION OF ATOMIC WEAPONS: USSR PROPOSAL, MAY 10, 19551 The General Assembly (Security Council),

Seeking to save mankind from a new and destructive war, to reduce the tension in relations between States, and to relieve the peoples of the heavy burden of taxation they bear as a result of the continuing armaments race,

Desirous of ensuring the possibility of resources thus released being used to improve the well-being of the peoples and to afford extensive assistance to the economically under-developed countries,

Instructs the United Nations Disarmament Commission to draw up and submit for the approval of the Security Council a draft "international convention (treaty) on the question of the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction".

Such a convention, having as its purpose the strengthening of peace and international security, shall provide for:

(a) the complete prohibition of the use and production both of nuclear and of all other weapons of mass destruction, and the conversion of existing stocks of nuclear weapons for peaceful purposes;

(b) a major reduction in all armed forces and all conventional armaments;

(c) the establishment of a control organ with rights and powers and functions adequate to guarantee in the case of all States alike the effective observance of the agreed prohibitions and reductions.

Accordingly, the convention (treaty) shall contain the basic provisions set forth hereunder relating to the execution of measures for the reduction of the conventional armaments of States, the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction and the procedure for the carrying out of these measures in two stages:

FIRST STAGE MEASURES TO BE CARRIED OUT IN 1956

The following measures shall be carried out in 1956:

1. The States Parties to the convention (treaty) shall undertake, as a first step towards the reduction of armaments and armed forces, not to increase their armed forces and conventional armaments above the level obtaining on 31 December 1954. They shall also undertake not to increase their appropriations for armed forces and armaments, including atomic weapons, above the level of the expenditures effected for those purposes during the year ended 31 December 1954.

The above-mentioned measures shall be carried out within two months of the entry into force of the corresponding agree

ment.

1 UN Document, DC/SC.1/26/Rev.2, pp. 9-22.

73652-56-26

The United States, the USSR, China, the United Kingdom and France shall furnish the Disarmament Commission, within one month after the entry into force of the convention (treaty), with full official figures of their armed forces, conventional armaments and expenditures for military requirements.

2. An agreed level shall be established to which armed forces of all States in excess of that level shall be reduced, in order that no State may possess armed forces capable of constituting a serious threat to international peace. A substantial reduction of armed forces shall be effected by the United States, the USSR, China, the United Kingdom and France. To these ends the above-mentioned five Powers shall undertake to reduce the strength of their armed forces so that they do not exceed the following figures:

The five Powers shall undertake also to reduce their conventional armaments correspondingly.

The above-mentioned five Powers shall in the course of one year effect a reduction in their armed forces and armaments by 50 per cent of the difference between the level of their armed forces and armament obtaining on 31 December 1954 and the reduced level of the armed forces and armaments of each of these States established in accordance with the obligations assumed by them as set forth hereinabove.

Appropriations by States for armed forces and conventional armaments shall be reduced correspondingly.

3. There shall be convened, not later than during the first half of 1956, a World Conference on the general reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, with the participation of States both Members and non-Members of the United Nations, with a view to determining the size of the reduction of the armaments and armed forces of the other States and to prohibiting atomic weapons.

The strength of the armed forces which other States shall be authorized to retain, shall in all cases be considerably lower than the levels established for the five permanent members of the Security Council.

In establishing the size of the reduction in the armaments of States, including those of the permanent members of the Security Council, simple agreed criteria including demographic, geographic, economic and political factors shall be taken into account, with a view to the strengthening of world peace and international security and the diminution of the threat of aggression.

4. As one of the first measures for the execution of the programme for the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, States possessing atomic and hydrogen weapons shall undertake to discontinue tests of these weapons.

With a view to supervision of the fulfilment by States of the afore-mentioned obligation, an International Commission shall be set up which shall submit reports to the Security Council and the General Assembly.

5. Simultaneously with the initiation of measures for the reduction of the armaments and armed forces of the five Powers by the first 50 per cent of the agreed reduction to the prescribed levels and before the entry into force of the agreement on the complete prohibition of atomic weapons, States shall assume a solemn obligation not to use nuclear weapons, which they shall regard as prohibited to them. Exceptions to this rule may be permitted for purposes of defence against aggression, when a decision to that effect is taken by the Security Council.

6. States possessing military, naval and air bases in the territories of other States shall undertake to liquidate such bases. The question of the bases to be liquidated during the first stage shall be additionally agreed upon.

The carrying out of these measures must promote the strengthening of the necessary trust between States and facilitate the execution of the measures for the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons envisaged for the second stage.

SECOND STAGE-MEASURES TO BE CARRIED OUT IN 1957

The following measures shall be carried out in 1957:

1. The production of atomic and hydrogen weapons shall be discontinued immediately, and budgetary appropriations of States for military requirements shall be reduced correspondingly.

2. The United States, the USSR, China, the United Kingdom and France shall, in the course of one year, reduce their armed forces and armaments by the remaining 50 per cent of the difference between the level of the armed forces and armaments of each of these five States obtaining on 31 December 1954 and the reduced level of the armed forces and armaments of each of these States established in accordance with the obligations assumed by them under the convention. These States shall correspondingly reduce their appropriations for armed forces and conventional

armaments.

During this stage, measures with a view to the reduction of the armaments and armed forces of other States to the extent established for them at the World Conference shall also be completed.

3. After the reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments has been carried out to the extent of 75 per cent of the total reduction laid down in the convention, a complete prohibition on the use of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass destruction shall enter into force. The elimination of these weapons from the armaments of States and their destruction, and the reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments by the final 25 per cent of the agreed reductions shall begin simultaneously; and both these processes shall be completed within the time-limits in 1957. All atomic materials shall thereafter be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.

States shall undertake to promote extensive international co-operation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. This cooperation shall include the free exchange of information concerning the use of atomic energy in industry, agriculture and medicine and in other fields of economics and science. In this connexion, special attention shall be given to assistance to economically