Disarmament and Security

(j) Special steels and alloys;

(k) Tires, other rubber and synthetic rubber products, and rubber processing chemicals;

(1) Refrigerants for use in tanks and submarines;
(m) Smoke screens and incendiary preparations;
(n) Petroleum products (including catalysts);
(0) Photographic chemicals;

(p) Nitric acid and sulphuric acid (including catalysts);
(q) Mineral concentrates.

2. Other

(a) Plastics and resin materials;

(b) Plasticizers for explosives;

(c) Anti-freeze and de-icing preparations;

(d) Synthetic hydraulic fluids;

(e) Refrigerants for use in tanks and submarines.

II. Chemical equipment

1. Specialized chemical processing equipment 2. Storage or transportation containers

3. Plastics moulding machines

III. Electrical and power generating equipment

1. Electric furnaces

2. Diesel engines

3. Electric motors

4. Marine engines, carburetor type

5. Turbines

6. Industrial and marine boilers

7. Electrical machinery over 500 kW

IV. General industrial equipment

1. Metallurgical, mill and foundry equipment

2. Conveying machinery and crushing equipment

3. Compressors, pumps, blowers and valves

4. Abrasives

5. Industrial diamonds and tools incorporating industrial dis monds

VII. Petroleum equipment

1. Oil-well drilling and exploration equipment 2. Petroleum refining equipment

3. Oil, natural gas and fuel production equipment

VIII. Precision instruments

1. All precision instruments

2. Jewel bearings

3. Optical glass

IX. Rubber

1. Natural rubber

2. Synthetic rubber

C. Regional Problems (1945-1956)

(1) Europe

[In the early postwar years one of the major international problems was the demilitarization of the defeated states, particularly Germany. The subjection of Eastern European states, subversion in Greece, and blockade of Berlin, however, brought increasing fear of the aggressive intent of Soviet communism. The response of the Western Allies took the form of developing closer unity and of rearmament. In 1954 Western Germany was brought into the Western European Community under a system designed to control the armaments of all its members. Soviet proposals on overall European disarmament and security so far have been designed largely to loosen the ties which hold Western Germany in the Western European Community.]

FIRST PHASE: 1945-1948

Demilitarization of Ex-Enemy States

103. PROTOCOL OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CRIMEA (YALTA) CONFERENCE, FEBRUARY 11, 1945 (EXCERPT) 1

1

The Crimea Conference of the Heads of the Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which took place from February 4th to 11th came to the following conclusions:

II. DECLARATION ON LIBERATED EUROPE

The following declaration has been approved:

"The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the peoples of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert during the temporary period of instability in liberated Europe the policies of their three governments in assisting the peoples of the former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their pressing political and economic problems. "The establishment of order in Europe and the re-building of national economic life must be achieved by processes which will

Department of State Press Release No. 239, March 24, 1947.

73652-56 -30

ARTICLE 1.

Germany, and all German military, naval and air authorities and all forces under German control shall immediately cease hostilities in all theatres of war against the forces of the United Nations on land, at sea and in the air.

ARTICLE 2.

(a) All armed forces of Germany or under German control, wherever they may be situated, including land, air, anti-aircraft and naval forces, the S. S., S. A. and Gestapo, and all other forces of auxiliary organisations equipped with weapons, shall be completely disarmed, handing over their weapons and equipment to local Allied Commanders or to officers designated by the Allied Representatives.

(b) The personnel of the formations and units of all the forces referred to in paragraph (a) above shall, at the discretion of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Allied State concerned. be declared to be prisoners of war, pending further decisions, and shall be subject to such conditions and directions as may be prescribed by the respective Allied Representatives.

(c) All forces referred to in paragraph (a) above, wherever they may be, will remain in their present positions pending instructions from the Allied Representatives.

(d) Evacuation by the said forces of all territories outside the frontiers of Germany as they existed on the 31st December, 1937, will proceed according to instructions to be given by the Allied Representatives.

(e) Detachments of civil police to be armed with small arms only, for the maintenance of order and for guard duties, will be designated by the Allied Representatives.

ARTICLE 3.

(a) All aircraft of any kind or nationality in Germany or Germanoccupied or controlled territories or waters, military, naval or civil, other than aircraft in the service of the Allies, will remain on the ground, on the water or aboard ships pending further instructions.

(b) Áll German or German-controlled aircraft in or over territories or waters not occupied or controlled by Germany will proceed to Germany or to such other place or places as may be specified by the Allied Representatives.

ARTICLE 4.

(a) All German or German-controlled naval vessels, surface and submarine, auxiliary naval craft, and merchant and other shipping, wherever such vessels may be at the time of this Declaration, and all other merchant ships of whatever nationality in German ports, will remain in or proceed immediately to ports and bases as specified by the Allied Representatives. The crews of such vessels will remain on board pending further instructions.

(b) All ships and vessels of the United Nations, whether or not title has been transferred as the result of prize court or other proceedings, which are at the disposal of Germany or under German control at the time of this Declaration, will proceed at the dates and to the ports or bases specified by the Allied Representatives.

104. ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONTROL OF GERMANY BY ALLIED REPRESENTATIVES: DECLARATION BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE USSR, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE FRENCH PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT, JUNE 5, 19451

DECLARATION REGARDING THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY AND THE ASSUMPTION OF SUPREME AUTHORITY WITH RESPECT TO GERMANY BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

The German armed forces on land, at sea and in the air have been completely defeated and have surrendered unconditionally and Germany, which bears responsibility for the war, is no longer capable of resisting the will of the victorious Powers. The unconditional surrender of Germany has thereby been effected, and Germany has become subject to such requirements as may now or hereafter be imposed upon her.

There is no central Government or authority in Germany capable of accepting responsibility for the maintenance of order, the administration of the country and compliance with the requirements of the victorious Powers.

It is in these circumstances necessary, without prejudice to any subsequent decisions that may be taken respecting Germany, to make provision for the cessation of any further hostilities on the part of the German armed forces, for the maintenance of order in Germany and for the administration of the country, and to announce the immediate requirements with which Germany must comply.

The Representatives of the Supreme Commands of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the French Republic, hereinafter called the "Allied Representatives," acting by authority of their respective Governments and in the interests of the United Nations, accordingly make the following Declaration:

The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany.

The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory.

In virtue of the supreme authority and powers thus assumed by the four Governments, the Allied Representatives announce the following requirements arising from the complete defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany with which Germany must comply:-

Department of State Bulletin, Volume 12, June 10, 1945, p. 1051.