Well, I may even quote an actual example of very recent history, the Cuban groups, who have fled Cuba certainly because they were in disagreement with the Castro regime, are being approached by Latinspeaking, by Spanish-speaking members of the Communist Party.

We have actually a Communist-sponsored and Communist-organized group all over the country that caters not only to Cuban refugees, but also to the large groups of Puerto Ricans in New York, and that is the "Fair Play for Cuba Committee," which is sponsored by two subversive organizations, by the Communist Party and Socialist Workers Party.

They are trying to extend their influence not only on Cuban refugees, but they are trying to get the support of the Puerto Rican community or individuals within the Puerto Rican community in New York.

Naturally, wherever people are dissatisfied, they are trying to look for someone who can help them. The Communists have always throughout their history attempted to succeed by promising people whatever they wanted, by promising them a healthy, fruitful, successful life, by promising land to the farmers who were tenants, without telling them, of course, that afterwards they are going to take the land away from them again in order to form it into collective farms.

Now they are promising those people jobs; they are promising them positions; they are promising them better housing; and, in this way, they get them, if not to join their ranks, at least to attend their meetings.

Senator THURMOND. Your theory, then, is that frustrated elements or individuals serve as recruiting resources for the Communist Party. Is that correct?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Absolutely.

Senator THURMOND. How much

Senator STENNIS. Who was that, you said?

Senator THURMOND. Frustrated elements and individuals.

How much of the racial agitation, currently spawned from coast to coast, do you attribute to the activities of the Communist Party? Major BUCHSBAUM. Of my own knowledge, I do not know. I have had no cases connected with these movements.

EVALUATION OF "FAIR PLAY FOR CUBA”

Senator THURMOND. I believe you mentioned that you were familiar with the activities of racial agitation and propaganda groups such as "Fair Play for Cuba"?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir. But I would not consider thatSenator THURMOND. Would you give us a summary of your evaluation of this group?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Well, it is a group that was organized under the sponsorship of the Cuban Government, and is sponsored in this country by two Communist groups change that to by two subversive groups: The Communist Party and the Socialist Workers Party. Normally, those two do not see eye to eye because the Socialist Workers Party adheres to the Trotskyite school of communism, which is in deadly opposition to the Khrushchev type of communism.

However, in that one organization there seems to be a harmonious collaboration between those two groups.

The group was first organized under the sponsorship of the Cuban Government. I do not know how close the present connections are between this group and the Cuban Government, but it is definitely now a pro-Communist and Communist-directed group and organization.

EMERGENCY CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMITTEE CITED AS A COMMUNIST FRONT

Senator THURMOND. Major, are you familiar with the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, a cited Communist front?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I am aware that it is a cited organization, yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. How does this front influence young men. against patriotic and loyal service in the U.S. military? Major BUCHSBAUM. I do not know sir.

DISCUSSION ON FILM "OPERATION ABOLITION”

Senator THURMOND. Are you familiar with the campaign by the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee against the film "Operation Abolition"?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I am aware that there was a great deal of agitation against that film, but I did not know which organizations sponsored the move and the propaganda against the film.

I saw the film myself, and I was greatly impressed. As a matter of fact, I came out of the auditorium mad and angry, and I thought every youngster in the United States should see this film.

Senator THURMOND. It showed the Communists actually at work right here in our country.

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, indeed, sir, it does. I later on read that it had become controversial; that, supposedly, some of the scenes had not taken place in the sequence in which they were shown in the film.

Now, the way I remember the film, I remember particularly vividly one scene, and that is Gus Hall standing at the witness stand, pounding the witness stand and shouting, "What are you afraid of? Let them in. Let them in. What are you afraid of?"

And you could hear in the background the roar of the people outside the doors. I mean that scene could not have been staged.

Senator THURMOND. I presume from what you say that you consider it, then, an excellent training film?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I would consider it a good training film, yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. For the troops?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, indeed, to show them the working of communism.

Senator THURMOND. And would you say that you feel like it would be good for every American youth to see that film so they can understand and comprehend communism actually at work as portrayed out in California in that instance?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I definitely would think so, sir. I agree with you on that, and if I may add one remark, I am sure that many of the youngsters that did take part in the demonstrations were not Communists, which brings out exactly a point which I attempted to make before.

They gave the impression to the public and to the world that the Communists are supported by a large number of youngsters in our schools, which is actually not the case. They were brought in for a lark.

I do not know which way they were persuaded to attend, except probably, "It is going to be fun."

They came there; they saw people shouting, so they shouted. They demonstrated because it is fun to demonstrate. But this picture is now presented to the world and also to our own public to show that a segment of our high school and college students support the Communist viewpoint.

And that is, also, sir, what I meant before when I said that there is a greater danger of using the youngsters to demonstrate a Communist trend which does not exist, or a support for certain subversive aims that do not exist, rather than persuading those youngsters eventually to join into the Communist conspiracy.

Senator THURMOND. This film demonstrates, too, the capability of Communist leaders to mislead these youths who joined, as you say, in this demonstration?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Oh, absolutely. I think they are masters of the language. They have a facility to create names and designations for actions, for organizations, which are misleading, which make anyone who has any feeling for people believe, "Now, this is a cause I would like to join."

Of course, if the person is careful, he would check into the background, and everybody should check into the background of an organization.

But youngsters, not being aware of the ramifications of the Communist threat, might join such organizations only because they like the name or the name indicates a movement or an ideal with which they would like to identify themselves.

Senator THURMOND. Major, could you outline for us the propaganda campaign to make this film "controversial"? Are you familiar with that?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I have no knowledge. I am not familiar with that, sir.

MARXIST FORUMS

Senator THURMOND. Are you familiar with the Marxist forums held in New York City, and can you describe for us what these are intended to do?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.

I am just aware of the fact that there are such Marxist forums.

METHODIST FEDERATION FOR SOCIAL ACTION

Senator THURMOND. The Methodist Federation for Social Action, 11 Forest Boulevard, Ardsley, N.Y.—

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.

Senator THURMOND (continuing). Has for some time been a major source for agitation against military services, the Un-American Activities Committee, and other agencies which stand in the path of Communist aggression.

Are you familiar with the Methodist Federation for Social Action which, of course, has no connection with the Methodist Church, but which uses the technique of association as a means of camouflage to confuse the American public?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I have no information, sir.

ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL LAWYERS GUILD IN CONNECTION WITH ARMY LOYALTY CASES

Senator THURMOND. Are you familiar with the National Lawyers Guild, 38 Park Road, New York City, a cited Communist front?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I am aware of its existence. I am aware that it is a cited organization, sir.

Senator THURMOND. It is my understanding that the National Lawyers Guild provides, free of charge, legal counsel for "loyalty cases" before the Army "boards" considering discharging such cases from military service.

Are you familiar with this activity of the National Lawyers Guild? Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir, I am not, although I am aware of the fact that security cases are usually represented by the same group of lawyers, but I did not know that connection to the National Lawyers Guild.

Senator THURMOND. You are not familiar with the fact that they have provided legal counsel for soldiers that were being separated through Army loyalty boards?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Major, it has been brought to my attention that for some years the National Lawyers Guild provided legal services to soldiers who were being released from Army service on the grounds of their affiliation with the Communist Party or its fronts.

Known Communist defense lawyers handling these cases would thus develop contacts by which to control a soldier following his dishonorable discharge. The National Lawyers Guild sought out men being relieved from Army service for disloyalty, or security reasons.

I understand that some of these young men realized that they made mistakes in their "teens" by becoming members of the Communist youth organizations. By using the National Lawyers Guild to defend them, the Communist Party is operating ready-made recruitment apparatus with which to obligate these youngsters to hard core cells of the Communist Party.

I was just wondering if you have any views on this subject, Major Buchsbaum?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, a man who gets to the point of going before a board, a field board, because the Army intends to separate him because of subversive activities is already a member of a Communist organization, and his views and feelings are definitely Communist. There are many, many safeguards in the entire process of these cases, and I do want to state that there is very little chance that an innocent fellow traveler, who only dropped in on meetings, could ever get as far as the field board.

The people who actually go before the board and are later on separated from the service for reasons of security cannot be salvaged. They are hard-core Communists, and they do not need a recruiting effort on the part of the Communist lawyers, because they are in the conspiracy.

Senator THURMOND. I was just wondering if we all must share the blame for our failure to educate these youth in some cases so that they are attracted to the Communist propaganda and recruitment. Major BUCHSBAUM. I definitely think we do.

Senator THURMOND. And I was just wondering what your reaction, Major, would be to an inservice educational program directed at those we now put out of the service in an effort to salvage as large a number of these boys as possible.

Major BUCHSBAUM. I believe, sir, those who are "boarded" are past the point of salvage. They are hard-core Communists. They have been given every opportunity throughout the process of adjudication to justify their point, to bring in any factor they could think of that is in their favor, and unless they are really members of the Communist conspiracy, unless the Army is fully convinced that they cannot be changed, they will not be separated from the Army. You see, there are a number of possibilities.

In cases which are not as serious as those which you just mentioned, the Army has the possibility for keeping a man in with the proviso that he is not eligible for security clearance. Since a man can honorably serve in the Army without being placed in a position where he can compromise security information; these are the men who probably, through their military service, can be rehabilitated.

But once a man gets to the point where he is separated after board action, I think he is beyond hope.

Senator THURMOND. In other words, the Army does exercise every step possible to salvage a man, and it does not board him unless it just feels it is absolutely necessary?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Absolutely, sir.

Senator THURMOND. And you think the best hope is to try to educate these youth to avoid the pitfall of the Communist propaganda and recruitment so they will not be placed in such circumstances or in a position to come before a board?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Major Buchsbaum, I was informed that in 1961 discussions were held between the G-2 of the 1st U.S. Army and the Department of Defense legal counsel handling loyalty cases to see how the National Lawyers Guild could be prevented from exploiting this obvious source of recruitment by defending loyalty cases. The suggestion was made that known Communist Party lawyers should not be permitted to enter military reservations, such as Governors Island, to participate as defense lawyers in loyalty hearings. I think this was a valid suggestion.

Certainly, the Supreme Court ruling last October to the effect that U.S. Communists are members of a foreign conspiracy provides authority for the services to exclude Communist Party members from entry on military installations.

Department of Defense reaction to this suggestion was negative and nothing was done.

Could you tell me whether any further thought has been given by Army intelligence to insuring some positive action to prevent playing into the hands of the Communists in these loyalty cases?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.