Would you care to comment on the need to acquire knowledge on Communist techniques, especially among American educators?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I do believe that any educator, who, after all, has the mission of bringing up a well-rounded, happy individual and to impart knowledge to him, should be aware of the entire trend in subversive organizations that are endangering our country.

I think he should, on his own initiative, obtain the information. I do not believe that, as it came up before when we talked about Mr. Schrader's suggestion, the Federal Government can and even should try to influence educators on what they read, what they use, what reference material they use, or how they influence their youngsters. I believe that it would be deeply resented by everybody.

However, I do believe that guide material should be available to them, and I think they are using good judgment if they use it.

BUCHSBAUM'S TEACHING ACTIVITY

Senator THURMOND. Major, I understand that you teach evening courses at Pace College in New York City. Is part of your effort related to education on communism?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Only indirectly, sir. I do not make a point of teaching anything about communism as such. I do teach a course on the History of Western Civilization, and, naturally, Marxist economic philosophy and social philosophy are part of that course.

I try to present it in a very objective way, and I leave time for discussion, and discussion always develops after I present this particular subject, and my experiences with discussions on that subject gave me a very high opinion of the integrity and intellectual capacity of the American students.

They are smart. They pick out things; they find out things. They are not easily fooled.

They are not easily fooled unless they are emotionally predisposed to being fooled by subversive organizations.

They will pick out the weaknesses very quickly.

INTERNATIONAL NATURE OF COMMUNIST CONSPIRACY

Senator THURMOND. Major, now I would like to turn to your previous experience in G-2 in West Berlin during General Hamlett's presence there.

I think that the most important initial step to be accomplished by this Nation must be in the realization that the cold war waged against us by the Communists is a continuous struggle on an international basis, whether we talk of Communist infiltration in New York City or in West Berlin.

It is the international concept of struggle. This is part of their success in keeping us on the defensive in the cold war.

What is your view of this fact?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, I had difficulty in following that question. Senator THURMOND. Would you like me to repeat it?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I would appreciate that.

(The question was reread.)

Senator THURMOND. In other words, communism is an international conspiracy?

Major BUCHSBAUM. There is absolutely no doubt about that, Sena

tor.

Senator THURMOND. There is no question about that, is there?
Major BUCHSBAUM. No question about that at all.

The principles, the guidelines for action, if not the actual orders, emanate only from one center, and that center is Moscow.

There are no deviating views in the entire Communist world, now excluding, of course, the break that they had in their own family, the fight that they have in their own family.

But let us say those countries and the Communist Parties in those countries that still remain under the control of Moscow are absolutely determined by the wishes, decisions, tactics and strategies that are formed in Moscow, and no Communist functionary in any country outside of the Soviet Union can long remain in his position if he tries to defy the dictum of Moscow.

Senator THURMOND. And there is no question that this is an international conspiracy, and, therefore, the struggle is on an international basis, and it is a continuing struggle?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Absolutely.

Senator THURMOND. It makes no difference whether we speak of the infiltration occurring in New York City or in West Berlin or in some other place.

As you say, the guidelines all stem from the same source?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. And it is one enemy we are fighting; is it not? Major BUCHSBAUM. It is the same war, sir. The war that we have to fight on the domestic scene is only one portion of the overall war. It is the same war.

Senator THURMOND. Major Buchsbaum, the Soviets have dominated and brought under close control some 60-odd nations in their international aggression against us. We, on the other hand, for example, in NATO, have a limited sharing of responsibility in defense against communism because of individual national interests.

Sometimes these national interests coincide; sometimes they are in conflict. Our relations with our allies reveal a piecemeal approach. We try to deal with each outbreak of Communist activity as a separate entity which makes our resistance to communism largely sterile in the face of the completely militant international conspiracy which cuts across national frontiers and national interests.

Your experience in Europe is of particular importance to this subcommittee because we can sample the techniques of Communist aggression, suppressions, infiltration, and propaganda to determine the international vulnerabilities of the free world and our Nation, and, thereby, the requirements for education on this subject.

DISCUSSION ON INTERNATIONAL COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN BERLIN

Major Buchsbaum, would you please comment on the international nature of the Communist movement as you identified it in Berlin? Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, I believe that I probably failed to make my position in Berlin clear to this committee.

I was the G-2 of the Allied staff, which was a combined headquarters. My function, as the G-2, Allied staff, was a purely combat intelligence assignment. I had no experience and I gained no knowl

edge on the counterintelligence, counterespionage, countersubversive fields in Berlin.

My job consisted of drawing up intelligence plans or the intelligence portions of contingency plans. It was a combat intelligence assignment and not an assignment in strategic intelligence or in counterintelligence.

Senator THURMOND. Of course, in that particular asignment, you did acquire a great deal of knowledge and information about communism and the operations over there?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir, I did not.
Senator THURMOND. How is that?
Major BUCHSBAUM. I did not.

Senator THURMOND. Oh, you did not?
Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Would you tell us any information that you did acquire?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, my job in Berlin was purely that of a combat intelligence officer. I made the intelligence plans for combat operations, and it was in an Allied headquarters, not in an American headquarters. I did not gain any insight into the international Communist conspiracy, sir.

Senator THURMOND. So the information on communism that you gained over there would more or less be confined to the combat situation, as I understand it?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir.

ACTIVITIES OF LINUS PAULING

Senator THURMOND. Now, Major Buchsbaum, we have spoken about infiltration and propaganda in the major metropolitan areas in the United States such as New York City.

We touched on the activities of such Americans as Linus Pauling, who have lent their name and prestige to Communist fronts and propaganda activities. Only when we analyze such examples, as this man's impact on the international conspiracy of Communists, do we comprehend the extreme danger such men pose to the free world.

We have already discussed his participation in U.S. disarmament fronts and pro-Communist propaganda groups. He has consistently identified himself with those Americans who would disarm and surrender our national identity to the international image of communism. Linus Pauling, however, also lends his support to such international groups as the War Resistors League, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and other international organizations who have as their objective destroying free world defense.

Pauling's colleague in England is Bertrand Russell, who, during the Easter marches of the "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament," encouraged the show of force by thousands of British students against NATO defense and for rapprochement with communism.

I have in my hand a questionnaire for Easter marchers which I would like you to review. Notice especially the military tenor of this march order which, as you know, was a 60-mile march from missile sites south of London to Trafalgar Square.

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. I was just wondering if you are familiar with that "Easter march"?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I read about it in the paper, sir. That is as far as my knowledge goes.

Senator THURMOND. Linus Pauling lent his moral support to this anti-NATO military and anti-American military demonstration. The program was manipulated by pro-Communists whose objective it was to involve British students in something they do not fully comprehend.

Could you read the section underscored on this march order and give us your interpretation of the effect of this type of militant campaign to give youngsters the feeling that they are really demonstrating for something?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Well, sir, it looks not exactly like, but it has a similarity to, a movement annex to an operational plan. Whether it would appeal to a British youngster, I would not know.

Senator THURMOND. You mean a military operational plan? Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir, a military operational plan; like a movement annex to a military operational plan, a transportation

annex.

I do not know whether it would appeal to British youngsters. Actually, I lived in England for about 2 years, and from what I noticed and from what I know about the British, I do not believe that anything military has any appeal to them.

Senator STENNIS. What?

Major BUCHSBAUM. That anything military appeals to them, particularly not to the university students. They have an even more casual attitude toward anything military than our own young students.

I really am not qualified, sir, to give an opinion on whether it would appeal to British students or not.

But I imagine if that committee that wanted a great turnout, a big turnout, included or wrote it up in this form, they must have thought that it had an appeal.

Senator THURMOND. And it must have had, from the large crowd that attended.

Mayor BUCHSBAUM. They were quite successful in turning out the crowds; yes, indeed, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Now, Linus Pauling also lends his support to West German pro-Communist disarmament groups, especially the War Resistors League of West Germany.

The league had arranged for a speaking tour of Pauling to Bremen, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Munster, Stuttgart, Darmstadt, München, and West Berlin.

Pauling was also invited to East Berlin, where he appeared on a panel discussion at the Communist-controlled Humboldt University. Pauling received the Communist decoration, "Fighter for Peace," for his appearance there. The Pauling tour was financed and arranged by Alois Stopf, a former functionary of the East German "Free German Youth.” The "Free German Youth" has been banned in West

Germany.

The German branch of the War Resistors League is thoroughly infiltrated by Communists and those members of the War Resistors League who have genuine humanitarian objectives in maintaining

membership are at the mercy of those who manipulate it for Communist propaganda purposes.

What is your interpretation of the effect of this American speaking to West Germans concerning defense against communism?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Well, sir, he is a very distinguished scientist, and, as such, the German people particularly will have a great deal of respect for him and will consider very seriously everything that he says.

Now, I believe there is a fallacy abroad, everywhere, particularly in Germany, and that is that a man who is an expert, who is a genius in one field, must, of necessity, always be right in any other field.

That, sir, is one of the points that I tried to point out when talking about military education, by telling you that the gunnery instructor or radar instructor is not a good instructor in the field of political science.

The same applies to Dr. Pauling.

Now, I believe that this adoration of the genius in one field also rubs off a little color on himself, and he believes, because he is a great scientist, he is also a great expert on all other problems, and that gets people into trouble.

As far as the Germans are concerned, they have lived under democracy for a rather short period of time, and, somehow, they have not-well, I would say the average man has not yet gotten used to the idea that there can be a distinguished spokesman coming from a country who is not representing his country; that Dr. Pauling can make statements if these statements are not supported by his own Government.

They have a tendency of identifying the spokesman, particularly if he is a distinguished member of the community, to identifying that spokesman with his home government.

Of course, we all know that is not the case, but a lot of people might be mislead by this.

Senator THURMOND. In other words, there would be danger of a great many people being misled?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Absolutely.

Senator THURMOND. In such a case?

Major BUCHSBAUM. They would take his word, even if not literally, but still, to a certain extent, as the word of the American people. Senator STENNIS. Senator, excuse me just a minute.

I want to be sure that I understand the facts. This person to whom you referred did not purport to represent the American Government in any way, did he?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir. To the best of my knowledge, he did

not.

Senator THURMOND. No, sir, he did not say he represented the American Government.

Senator STENNIS. I just want to observe-and this is in no way a restriction at all, Senator, on your questions or on the gentleman's answers-it seems to the chairman, and I think the record ought to show, that this is beyond the call of our resolution on this inquiry, and I say that with all respect to the witness in his answers to the Senator's questions.

It is a very good discussion of philosophy, and I think you gave some good points about when a man is eminent in one field, why