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people are likely to infer that he is eminent in others, which is frequently a very grave error.

But I believe that that inquiry is beyond the chairman's conception about the prerogative.

Senator, you may have an idea of connecting that up with something else, which will be all right.

DISCUSSION ON GERMAN DISARMAMENT PETITIONERS

Senator THURMOND. Yes.

Now, Major Buchsbaum, I would like you to review this list of German disarmament petitioners and have your evaluation, especially as to the similarity of American professional groups who wittingly or unwittingly support these Communist propaganda fronts and those professional groups in West Germany who are apparently similarly deceived to serve the Communist ends.

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, I do not consider myself competent to evaluate particular professional groups in this country who are subject to any activities of that sort.

All I can tell you is that the individuals listed on this German list are all professional men. There is a preponderance of university professors, and there are a few authors, a few high school teachers, actors, or people connected with the theater, broadcasters, all professional people, and I believe, except for the first part which is university professors, most of the others are in the communications field, actors, radio announcers, and so on.

I know that professional people are very highly respected in Germany, unfortunately, not always in this country as much as in Germany, and I am sure that appeals signed by them have great weight. But I could not draw any comparison of groups between various countries, sir.

Senator THURMOND. The Communists do make attempts to try to capture educators in various countries, do they not, signing petitions and other things of that kind?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I do not know, sir. I have never been in the counterintelligence field, and I have never worked

Senator THURMOND. That does not mean that all who sign, of course, are Communists, but in this country have you not seen ads in various newspapers, the New York Times and others, signed by professors and teachers and others?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Advocating proposals that are directly against the welfare of this country?

Major BUCHSBAUM. In all appeals, proposals that you just mentioned, it seems to be of importance, obviously it is of importance, to whoever draws up the petition, that as many prominent people as possible are listed as sponsors and as supporters, and in many cases many professional men are included in the list.

But I have not made a detailed evaluation of that problem, sir. Senator THURMOND. And that does not mean that all who signed it are necessarily Communists or pro-Communists because a lot of people could be deceived in signing petitions frequently, are they not? Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, indeed.

And that is also a point I tried to bring out before, and that is by use of a title, a heading, or a purpose that might appeal to you and to

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me and to many other people, well-meaning people, obvious attempts are being made to have people participate or support who would never think and never dream of supporting anything subversive.

It is an attempt to mislead.

Senator THURMOND. Now, the War Resistors League has managed to organize an impressive following overseas of dignitaries who are paraded before German, French, and British disarmament groups. An example of their influence in West Germany is this list of signatures to an appeal for disarming NATO and West Germany. This list contains some 600 names of professional groups such as professors, doctors, artists, scientists, engineers, and so forth.

Major Buchsbaum, would you comment on the prominence of university professors who became signatories of this disarmament plan, which, as you will see on the cover page of the bulletin, suggests that we should create a zone in central Europe free of atomic weapons, and that Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany have already agreed to such demilitarization?

Major BUCHSBAUM. There is about a page and a half of university professors on this list, and another page and a half, almost a page and a half, of other professions.

The university professor is probably the most respected man in Germany.

Senator THURMOND. When he signs a paper, it carries great weight, does it not?

Major BUCHSBAUM. His opinion carries a great weight; yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. It also states that Norway and Denmark are opposed and that the decision now rests on the West German representative.

What is your interpretation of this propaganda language and how do you account for intelligent West Germans becoming involved in this front activity?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I do not know, sir.

Senator THURMOND. I think you will find some 600 West German citizens listed in this petition. I believe you have already outlined some of the grouping.

Do you see the similarity of the propaganda pattern of similar professional groups in England and other West European countries, as well as in America, and how do you account for this success of the infiltration of these professional groups by the Communists?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, I have no information at all on any infiltration of professional groups in England, or in Great Britain.

QUESTION OF EFFORT IN BERLIN TO EXPOSE SUBTLE COLD WAR TECHNIQUES

Senator THURMOND. Major Buchsbaum, we have discussed at great length with other witnesses the apparent success of the Communists in outflanking American cold war defenses since 1955 because we believed that the policy of containment would be the answer to communism.

Since then, Cuba, Laos, and the Congo have occurred.

We continue to look for the military indications of Communist aggression and fail to see the more subtle techniques in which men like Linus Pauling are the real masterminds, the generals, so to speak, in

Communist cold war aggression, using propaganda, deception, and intrigue.

Can you tell us what is being done in Berlin to expose these more subtle cold war techniques?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I do not know, sir.

SENATE JUDICIARY HEARINGS ON SOVIET TERRORISM IN FREE GERMANY

Senator THURMOND. Major, I have a copy of the hearings on "Soviet Terrorism in Free Germany," conducted by the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. Senate in September 1960, in conjunction with testimony of Theodor Hans.

This document provides ample details of the all-out conflict being waged by the Communists against us. It deals with kidnapings, murders, subversion, espionage, and the entire gamut of all-out cold war in the twilight areas of this conflict in which the Communists find their greatest successes.

Are you familiar with this publication?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir; I am not.

Senator THURMOND. I will read a paragraph on page 22 to obtain your views as to the totality with which the Communists are waging this war against us:

The apparent ease with which Soviet or satellite-including East Germaninterrogators, investigators and intelligence officers turn suspects or defendants into cooperating informants or espionage agents is quite plausible when the Soviet or Communist practices and procedures of arresting, interrogating and punishing people is being considered. No other government or political regime operates as many detention facilities, labor camps, and political indoctrination or reorientation programs as the Soviets and their Communist allies to achieve maximum possible control over all individuals within their territories and over all followers elsewhere.

Major, can you reaffirm from your own experience the total application of subversion and espionage by the Communists against us? Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, it is out of my field.

I have no firsthand knowledge of it, although I believe this particular paragraph deals with a matter of common knowledge. Senator THURMOND. In other words, from your experience you would be in accord with that paragraph, I believe?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Not from my experience.

I have no experience in the field of political intelligence, counterintelligence or counterespionage, countersubversion. I am strictly a combat intelligence officer, and I would hesitate to express my opinion on it, although I say that, according to the newspapers that Í read and what I hear, it is common knowledge that these are the correct facts.

Senator THURMOND. Knowing the international Communist conspiracy as you do, does this appear to be in line with their operations? Major BUCHSBAUM. Yes, indeed, it does; yes, indeed.

Senator THURMOND. The next paragraph of this hearing on Communist control of people reads, as follows:

One of the greatest Soviet assets in maintaining absolute political control is the well-established practice of terror through large-scale or mass arrests, complete disregard for individual liberty regarding opponents and followers alike, and severe punishment, in the form of harsh sentences and inhumane jail conditions, to all those who oppose the regime or voice even the slightest criticism.

I was wondering if you could give us an example from your own experience of this total domination through terror, mass arrest, and complete disregard for individual freedom?

Major BUCHSBAUM. Sir, the same answer that I gave before still applies, not from firsthand experience.

Senator THURMOND. Mr. Hans stated, on page 23 of this hearing : The same principle of the means justifying the end holds true for Communist propaganda and alleged factual reports in Soviet controlled press and radio. For this reason, those individuals who may not be where they would have to surrender to Soviet or Communist demands through terror and fear might oftentimes be duped into supporting Soviet goals because they believe Soviet propaganda and distorted reports. To any persons residing in, or close to the Soviet sphere of power, Soviet and Communist ruthlessness in dealing with suspects and accused individuals is well known. Therefore, when such persons fall into Soviet hands by being abducted or apprehended, they are generally very frightened and offer rather slight resistance to Soviet investigators or interrogators, especially when their ordeal during pretrial handling threatens to be prolonged indefinitely or beyond their capacity for endurance should their statements be insufficient to satisfy the prosecutors.

I was just wondering, Major, if you are familiar with the techniques used by Soviet Intelligence to intimidate and coerce people to bring about compliance of anti-Communists?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I have no firsthand knowledge of this subject, although I am well aware that it is a matter of general knowledge.

Senator THURMOND. On page 26 of the hearing, Mr. Hans describes the efficiency of Communist interrogation. He stated:

Aside from clever political arguments, used by Soviet investigators in convincing prisoners of the superiority and infallibility of the Communist cause and aims, the accused will frequently be led into apparently casual political discussions when the interrogators try to make the accused believe that the questioning is being relaxed for the sake of a respite and to be more friendly and even considerate toward the defendant. Even a cautious and intelligent prisoner may try to justify his attitude toward his interrogators and a so-called objective criticism of the regime's errors. In such moments, the interrogators will find the arguments for coercing the prisoner into admitting political opposition to the regime. Finally, all prisoners in pretrial detention are treated in such manner as to purposely lower their self-respect and feeling of human dignity. The way in which a newly admitted suspect is registered at the pretrial prison, searched physically for weapons or possible implements of escape, caused to turn in his belongings, and placed in the cell, is well calculated to cause the prisoner to feel depraved, lost, and without possible help. The simple expedient of periods of pretrial investigation and interrogation lasting for months or even beyond a year is highly effective in creating strong despair in the prisoner's mind. Without hope and the possibility of help from the outside, he weakens much more easily than if he were permitted to communicate with relatives and friends on the outside.

Now, as a combat intelligence officer, you are familiar with Communist interrogation techniques, I assume, and I just wondered if you would care to elaborate on that?

Major BUCHSBAUM. I have no personal knowledge of that, sir.

Senator THURMOND. On page 31, the document relates the use of a German woman married to a U.S. serviceman. I think it is an important case for military men to understand. Mr. Hans testified:

In another case, an espionage suspect or agent of the Soviets, a rather beautiful naturalized American of West German nationality originally, who had married a U.S. serviceman and had emigrated to the United States, was found in the West Berlin apartment of her one-time boyfriend, the German dentist, Dr. Sommer, at Berlin-Wilmersdorf, British sector, where she had supposedly committed suicide over her broken love affair and a quarrel with Dr. Sommer.

The victim's name I do not remember, unfortunately, but the West Berlin police and different U.S. authorities in Berlin, including the CIA, I believe, investigated this case and found a notebook of the victim. She had opened the gas valves in the kitchen after closing all windows, while Dr. Sommer left in the evening and did not return until early morning, when he found her already dead. Close acquaintances of Dr. Sommer were connected with, or suspected of, activities relating to the Soviet intelligence service in East Berlin. The victim had apparently made numerous travels behind the Iron Curtain and had been in contact with the Soviets repeatedly.

I was just wondering, Major, if you were familiar with any examples, or if they had come to your attention, of infiltration where female agents were used?

Major BUCHSBAUM. No, sir.

Senator THURMOND. That did not come within your scope of duties? Major BUCHSBAUM. Right, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Now, to page 32 there, on page 32 the witness, Hans, describes the ruthlessness of Soviet Intelligence actions:

In view of the ruthlessness of Soviet activities in all fields of intelligence, espionage, subversion, and counterintelligence, particularly concerning Western Europe, the problem of taking effective U.S. countermeasures without reverting to similar tactics or utilizing such drastic actions as to seriously endanger our democratic processes has been and may well continue to be a major reason why Soviet acts of aggression and terror are difficult to combat. I am convinced, on the basis of 15 years of practical experience in Berlin and confronting the Soviets and their Communist collaborators in continuous "frontline action," that until now overall efforts and specific activities by the responsible U.S. agencies were rather optimistically viewed as adequate, or even effective, and fully sufficient for the future without, however, having been carried out on a scale really needed to achieve complete Western protection against future Soviet threats.

It is impossible to place the blame on any particular individuals. Such attempts at improving our efficiency and increasing our effort would, in my opinion, fail to provide a sound plan for better measures. It would only result in accusations against and excuses by the agencies concerned.

WHETHER AVERAGE MILITARY COMMANDER IS AWARE OF THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE COMMUNIST THREAT

I was just wondering if you felt that the average U.S. military commander is aware of the seriousness of the conflict, Major?

Major BUCHSBAUM. If he has a well-trained G-2, a well-trained intelligence officer; the intelligence officer should make the commander aware of the dangers of infiltration, of coercion and all the various other means used by the Soviets to gain access.

Senator STENNIS. Senator, your question was:

Have the military commanders realized this threat? The military commanders where?

Senator THURMOND. The question is whether he felt that the average U.S. military commander was aware of the seriousness of the conflict?

Senator STENNIS. Does that mean the commander like

Senator THURMOND. The commanders of our military units.
Senator STENNIS. Various units around the country?
Senator THURMOND. Yes, over the world.

Senator STENNIS. All right.

Senator THURMOND. Now, in his testimony, Mr. Hans also stated:

I know that a very large number of highly dedicated and capable Americans in all branches of the Government and abroad have done all they could to

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