Senator THURMOND. An action that occurred almost simultaneously was the release by the National Council of Churches of material attacking the film. This group was joined by a wide variety of pacifists, disarmament and peace and coexistence fronts which disseminated leaflets throughout the New York metropolitan area attacking the film. One of these pamphlets I have in my hand. It is entitled the "Christian Century." It presents an editorial on "Operation Abolition" by Robert W. Moon, who apologizes for the students who participated in the riots, and he says: They exercised rights of protest, particularly by picketing the hearings. The students took careful precautions to guard against infiltration of their ranks by outsiders; they wore an identifying armband. You might like to review this paragraph by Mr. Moon for later comparison with the facts as developed by formal investigation by our Government. The official report states that out of 62 students arrested, 30 had records with Communist groups, Communist fronts, or that their parents were members of the Communist Party. Were you aware of this? Colonel WAGASKY. Of the publication, sir? Senator THURMOND. Yes. Colonel WAGASKY. No, sir; I was not. Senator THURMOND. Colonel, I want to bring out some of these basic facts only to demonstrate how Communist propaganda in the United States manages to minimize accurate, authenticated, and hardhitting exposure of communism. It is an important point for us all to understand, especially the members of this subcommittee, so that we can recognize the more subtle techniques of anti-American propaganda being disseminated in our midst. The next thing that happened in the New York metropolitan area on "Operation Abolition" was that form letters were distributed. I have a copy of one here dated April 10, 1961. These were distributed throughout the New York area and especially in the suburban counties to mislead principals of schools and social science teachers as to the accuracy of the film "Operation Abolition." This mimeographed form letter stated that this film should not be shown in the public schools unless a speaker is present "to give the other side of the story." The particular letter that I have here, and just passed to you, is signed by 21 leading citizens, including doctors, ministers, rabbis, and schoolteachers, who asserted that the film "Operation Abolition" was a forgery. Have you seen this type of leaflet? Colonel WAGASKY. No, sir. Senator THURMOND. Álso, to the support of this group came the Civil Defense Protest Committee of 5 Beekman Street, New York 28, N.Y. While this latter group is primarily interested in agitating against planned and orderly defense of our Nation against Communist military aggression, they joined in the drive to make the film "Operation Abolition" appear controversial and to convey to the American public the idea that the student riots in California had been the filgment of the imagination of some of our congressional leaders. This Civil Defense Protest Committee, in other words, lent its extensive network to pro-Communist and fellow travelers in the New York metropolitan area to add to the existing confusion among uninformed citizen committees which were attacking the film "Operation Abolition." Wholesale distribution was made of thousands of bulletins, leaflets and posters castigating the film. In a suburban area in New York City the organization "Fellowship of Reconciliation" set up a speakers' bureau, under the leadership of Alfred Hassler, to show the film "Operation Abolition" to church groups, with an introduction conveying the idea that the film "Operation Abolition" was made to dupe Americans into believing that "there was a threat of Communist infiltration and propaganda." Mr. Hassler consistently apologizes for, and minimizes, the threat of communism, claiming that communism is, after all, only another political philosophy. One of the signers of this mimeographed letter I have here is Dr. C. Wright Mills, a member of "Fair Play for Cuba," who consistently apologizes for communism. Colonel, are you familiar with this technique of manipulating public opinion to suppress hard-hitting Communist exposure, such as by showing the film "Operation Abolition," and can you give us your views on these examples of propaganda and agitation? Colonel WAGASKY. I am familiar with these techniques because of being in the intelligence field for a great number of years. However, I am not qualified to give any expert advice or information about the propaganda field as such. I know these techniques are being used, and it results in films like "Operation Abolition" being not on the approved list for the miltary department. Senator THURMOND (presiding). Colonel, Senator Bartlett can be here only a short time, and so I am going to yield to him to ask some questions. ADEQUACY OF TRAINED INTELLIGENCE PERSONNEL Senator BARTLETT. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Colonel, do you feel that there are enough trained intelligence people available for the armed services? Colonel WAGASKY. Senator, again, speaking as a specialist in the service and the only life I know is the service (having been drafted as a senior in college) no, there are not sufficient trained intelligence personnel in the Air Force. Senator BARTLETT. Are all of the intelligence people in the Air Force sufficiently well trained, in your opinion? Colonel WAGASKY. I am not qualified to give a statement on that, Senator. Training is a relative thing, and it is a very exotic type of screening and testing that has to go on to evaluate this. I am not qualified to give you an answer on that one, sir. EVALUATION OF "OPERATION ABOLITION" Senator BARTLETT. You have testified that you have seen "Operation Abolition"? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir. Senator BARTLETT. And you believe this to be a good film and one which should be shown to the troops? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir. EVALUATION OF FILM "COMMUNIST TARGET-YOUTH” Senator BARTLETT. Have you seen, Colonel, the film "Communist Target-Youth"? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir. Senator BARTLETT. What is your opinion of that film? Colonel WAGASKY. My personal opinion of "Communist TargetYouth," this is the latest one that was narrated by General Carrollit does not hit as hard as "Operation Abolition" does. If you have to compare the two, in my opinion, "Communist Target-Youth" does not punch as "Operation Abolition" does. Senator BARTLETT. All right, it does not punch as hard. Therefore, may we infer that, in your opinion, your personal judgment, it is not as good a film for troop training? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir. ADEQUACY OF MECHANISM IN MILITARY TO COUNTERACT COMMUNISM Senator BARTLETT. If you had to reach a conclusion, where would you say there was the greater need for information, authentic information, to counteract the Communist challenge: with the general public of the United States or in our armed services? Colonel WAGASKY. I think the mechanism is set up and the responsibilities are set for the job to be done adequately. Senator BARTLETT. You would not differentiate between the two groups then? Colonel WAGASKY. Well, I only speak in the military sense, Senator. I will not speak for the civilian side of the fence at all. I am not qualified to do that, sir. EFFECT OF COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA IN ARMED SERVICES Senator BARTLETT. Do you think there is any imminent peril that communistic propaganda will or has had a detrimental effect in the armed services of the United States? Colonel WAGASKY. My personal opinion is that, yes, it has. Senator BARTLETT. Do you believe it exists to any substantial and worrisome or even dangerous degree now? Colonel WAGASKY. Because of the ideology of the Communist threat, even a little is very dangerous, in my opinion. AIR FORCE PERSONNEL EXPRESSING DOUBTS ABOUT VALIDITY OF Senator BARTLETT. Have you talked with enlisted men and others in the Air Force who had doubts about the validity of our form of government and what we are seeking to do? Colonel WAGASKY. In my experience I have not, sir. Senator BARTLETT. Have you heard of this sort of thing? Colonel WAGASKY. I have heard of this sort of thing, yes, sir. Senator BARTLETT. Were many people involved, so far as you are aware? Colonel WAGASKY. No, sir. Senator BARTLETT. But there were those within the ranks? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes. Senator BARTLETT. Who had questions? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir. DISTRIBUTION OF AIR INTELLIGENCE TRAINING BULLETIN Senator BARTLETT. What did you say is the distribution of this magazine, Air Intelligence Training Bulletin, Colonel? Colonel WAGASKY. To whom it goes, sir? Senator BARTLETT. Yes. Colonel WAGASKY. Twenty-three hundred go to the Headquarters, USAF, for further distribution to Air Force units. We distribute within CONAC, 2,200. Five hundred go to the Navy; 200, to the Army. Senator BARTLETT. It is not printed, published for general distribution, then? Colonel WAGASKY. No, sir, it is not. Senator BARTLETT. Who chiefly receives it within these several services named by you? Colonel WAGASKY. It is received by the units. It is put on shelves of libraries. It is definitely used in troop information. It is used in classrooms. APPEAL OF INTELLIGENCE TRAINING BULLETIN TO AIR FORCE TROOPS Senator BARTLETT. I have the February 1962, copy before me at the moment. Here is an article on "Aerospace Defense" by Maj. Gene Egan. Then there is another article entitled, "Can the New African Go It Alone?" This is republished from Newsfront, Management News magazine. Here is a story, "The Trail of the Comet," dealing with the World War II adventures of some British fliers. There is another article entitled "Soviet Union Turns to Automation To Outproduce the United States," and "Still Far Behind," says the subhead, "But Crash Program Deeply Disturbs U.S. Experts.' And this is reprinted by special permission from Newsfront, Management News magazine. Then there follows a series of briefs, "Strategic Briefs," it is entitled, on southeast Asia, and then the concluding pages relating to aerospace operations. I listed those articles, Colonel, only to ask you if in the libraries this is found to be a little bit on the side of heavy going, as contrasted with more popular publications. According to what you are informed and by personal observation, have you discovered that this is an appealing publication to the troops, the enlisted man? Colonel WAGASKY. The Bulletin is an appealing magazine to the enlisted troops, Senator, because of our communications that we have received from the field. ARTICLES ON COMMUNISM IN INTELLIGENCE TRAINING BULLETIN Senator BARTLETT. Now, this particular issue does not have any articles about communism at all, as I recall, which leads me to my next question. Customarily, does the publication dwell upon one or more aspects of communism? Colonel WAGASKY. I believe I could best answer that question, Senator, by reviewing indexes of the past 3 years, in that in 1961 we had a total of 14 articles on communism, such as "Chaos in the Congo," "Communist Psychological Warfare," "Cuba and Latin America," "Enemy Agents and You," and I believe that is the copy you are referring to, that Senator Thurmond referred to before, with the eye on the front, "Language of Communism, the Satellite Armies," broken down to Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania. That was for the year 1961. In 1960, "Communist Propaganda, a Fact Book, Part I," "A Fact Book, Part II," this is for the year, I am reiterating, "Demand and Supply Under Communism," "Hemispheric Progress Based on Understanding," "Integrating the Satellites," "No Peace in Our Time," "Old Comrades Never Die, or What Have You Done for Me Lately," "Prerequisites for Counterstrategy," "Protracted Conflict," "Some Problems Facing Communist Leaders," "Status Finders," "Two Studies in Formalism." Then in 1959, "Don't Fight in the Dark," "On Communism, Part I," "On Communism, Part II and III," "Our Red Rivals." These are summaries of the past 3 years, Senator. Senator BARTLETT. It is apparent that you have paid adequate attention, I should say, to this subject. I did not mean to imply that these issues should be loaded with this, because you have other responsibilities, naturally, in connection with the publication of the magazine. DISCUSSION ON COMMUNIST INFILTRATION OF CHURCHES Colonel, do you believe that the Communists have infiltrated the churches of the United States? Colonel WAGASKY. I am not qualified to answer that, Senator. Senator BARTLETT. In your duties as an intelligence officer, information relating to this has not come to you? Colonel WAGASKY. No, sir. Senator BARTLETT. What is your personal opinion? Colonel WAGASKY. My personal opinion is that there is something there, the old theory of smoke and fire. That is it, sir. Senator BARTLETT. Do you believe that any substantial number of the ministers of the churches in this country are actually Communists? Colonel WAGASKY. I do not believe any substantial number, sir, no, sir. Senator BARTLETT. Do you believe some are? Colonel WAGASKY. Yes, sir; some are. Senator BARTLETT. The reason I asked those questions was that I saw for the first time, after you returned it to Senator Thurmond, the Air Force publication designated as AFM 205-5, May 1955, and on |