tage lay in terms of obtaining long-range aims for the period after World War II.

Senator THURMOND. There is no question in your mind that that was clear to them all the while.

Colonel WILSON. No question, sir.

Senator THURMOND. During World War II.

Colonel WILSON. No question. This is quite in line with Communist doctrine; they never really take their eye off the ball, Senator. They may appear to be engaging in some hocus-pocus at the moment, but they in a long-range sense are always pursuing the time-honored-if I may use the expression-Communist objective of world domination. Senator THURMOND. And they were pursuing that objective then, and they are pursuing it now?

Colonel WLISON. This I believe most emphatically, sir.

Senator THURMOND. When they joined us in World War II, as you said, it was a temporary marriage to accomplish that objective, and that only?

Colonel WILSON. Yes, sir.

WORD "BRAINWASHING" TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE LANGUAGE

Senator THURMOND. Colonel Wilson, are you familiar with the fact that the word, "brainwashing is, in fact," a literal translation of the Chinese words, "hsi nao," which means to persuade people to accept a new set of values and to wash old ideas away and replace them with the starch of communism?

Colonel WILSON. I am generally familiar with this, sir. However, I am not a Chinese linguist.

Senator THURMOND. I am not a Chinese linguist, and my pronunciation might show it.

The Chinese words, "hsi nao,' are derived from earlier Communist writings which referred to the substitution for bourgeois mentality of a military Communist psychology. Could you further elaborate the origin of the word "brainwashing"?

Colonel WILSON. Not in semantic terms, sir, or in terms of word derivation. I am afraid I could not.

DEFINITION OF TERM "BRAINWASHING”

Senator THURMOND. Colonel, the reason I dwell on this term "brainwashing," is because of some of the misinterpretations which surround this expression. There is nothing mysterious or elusive about it. It is simply an all-out scientific application of "persuasion" as a weapon to make people comply to Communist objectives. Mr. Edward Hunter has described this technique exhaustively in several books; the most important one in mind being "Brainwashing in Red ChinaThe Men Who Defied It," which showed how people were subjected to the mass propaganda attempt of persuasion or brainwashing. Some resisted successfully. We understand that brainwashing-persuading people-rests in the simple, age-old means of creating mental, moral, and physical pressures among men.

Is that your understand of the term "brainwashing"?
Colonel WILSON. Yes, sir.

WILSON'S VIEWS ON TEACHING TROOPS ABOUT COMMUNIST "PERSUASION FACTORS"

Senator THURMOND. Now, it is difficult to illustrate to our men in uniform these "persuasion factors" because we cannot duplicate the state of starvation, apprehension, and mistrust in military training to give troops the idea of how the Communists "persuade" people, with utter ruthlessness and contempt for the individual. How can we create training programs for troops to give them a realistic picture? Colonel WILSON. I appreciate your question, sir.

There are several points.

First, this kind of training is a command responsibility. It cannot be delegated completely to the commander's subordinates. He must follow up on it and supervise the carrying out of this kind of training. This indoctrination of his troops is every whit as important to the commander and just as much his responsibility as the job of teaching

them to march and to shoot.

If we accept the postulate that this is one of the over-riding responsibilities of the commander-and I am referring to commanders at all echelons, from platoon leader, the company or battery commander, up on the line then as we consider your question, sir, we can focus initially on the commander as the individual with these responsibilities.

This, then, leads us directly to the question of what training has he received. And that, in turn, leads us into our military service schools and colleges to determine what in fact has been given to this commander as a student officer at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, the Armored School at Fort Knox, the Artillery School at Fort Sill, or the Command and General Staff College, or the higher service colleges and the War College.

It seems to me that it is in this area that we must insure adequate focus, adequate concentration of a high quality, to insure that this commander is given every means we can provide him to assist in carrying out this function with his own troops.

To me, sir, the effective commander in this respect would be exemplified by the company commander who gathers his troops in the mess hall in the evening and paces the floor like a football coach, possesses sufficient political eruditeness and articulateness to communicate with every single soldier in a way that that soldier will remember.

While pamphlets, the posters, and other training material are extremely valuable, and must be provided-not only to the commander, but also in the day room and in the service club libraries and available to the soldiers to read, particularly for those who are intelligently inquisitive and who wish to pursue these subjects further-they are not as important, sir, as the commander.

Without appropriate command emphasis, these documents, these training aids, become to a certain extent lifeless.

So I submit, sir, that the focal point and the point for emphasis is the man who carries the responisibility of command.

I think that in essense is what I would like to say.

Senator THURMOND. How are we going to get the commanders trained? Or how are we going to bring them to a recognition of the essentiality of this matter?

Colonel WILSON. I think, sir, you will find that a large number of commanders who take their responsibilities seriously are carrying this particular responsibility. There may well be some who are not. One of the points at which we might begin is to examine what is given to these officers during these various periods of training, which I mentioned earlier, by examining briefly, for example, the curriculum at the command and General Staff College at Fort Levenworth, Kans., which we Army officers regard as the finest military school in the world, and see what is offered to the captains, majors, lieutenantcolonels who attend the courses at that college along these lines; and from an examination, determine whether or not we feel that this is adequate.

Senator THURMOND. The leadership, of course, would have to stem from the top.

Colonel WILSON. That is correct, sir. The commanders are men under orders, and-given instructions-they are going to carry them

out.

WILSON'S ACTIONS ON "LEFTIST TINT" DOCUMENT

Senator THURMOND. Colonel, I understand that in 1952 you were instrumental in uncovering Army intelligence publications which had a "Leftist tint." I believe the document in question was one dealing with "psychological traits" of the people in Soviet Siberia. Could you give us the highlights of your findings and the actions which ensued? Colonel WILSON. Yes, sir. This occurred in the winter of Senator THURMOND. You need not go into too much detail. Colonel WILSON. Yes, sir. This occurred in the winter of 1952 when, as a desk officer in OACS/G2, I reviewed a document entitled as you described. To me this document had certain twisted, distorted statements in it which were vaguely reflective of editorials that I had read in Izvestia and Pravda, the Soviet newspapers.

I wrote a critique on this document and presented it to my superiors. A panel consisting of three individuals, including myself as recording secretary, was formed to review this document officially. The findings of the panel were that this document, while somewhat naive politically, was not a dangerous document, and I signed off on my findings with a notation that I nonconcurred with the findings of the panel, but that I had brought this document to the attention of my superiors and felt that I had fulfilled my obligations in this respect and would drop the matter at this point for more purposeful endeavors.

DISCUSSION ON CONTROL OF "LEFTIST TINT" MATERIAL

Senator THURMOND. Colonel, as you may know, this subcommittee has found a variety of examples of "leftist tint" and pro-Communist publications, films and other materials in circulation in the services. Some of this material is in form of references, in bibliographies; other material has been disseminated through military exchanges. In addition, examples have been found of highly questionable service training films and service training manuals. I am referring to the film "Russia" AFIF 87. Another example of questionable training literature is the Air Force Training Command Pamphlet 50-7. Do you feel that your earlier experience which you described in connection with your discovery of the "leftist tint" document is a reflection of a

consistent and uniform pattern which has gone unnoticed in the services for some period of time?

Colonel WILSON. I would like to qualify my answer in order to be painstakingly honest on this, sir. I feel that the incident which I described to you and which occurred in 1952 would be far, far less likely to occur today. It was a decade ago. I hope, and I strongly believe, that we have made some progress in terms of understanding our enemy. That this kind of thing happens from time to time must concede, but not with the frequency that it may have happened 10 years ago.

Senator THURMOND. Can you explain the apparent military ineffectiveness in controlling wittingly or unwittingly dissemination of materials which is harmful to the orientation of our men in uniform toward a realistic appraisal of the Communist threat?

Colonel WILSON. This I cannot explain, sir, because in my assignments for the past few years I have been quite far removed from this particular type of activity. Therefore, any explanation which I would endeavor to give would be pure conjecture.

Senator THURMOND. For instance, a book entitled "The Peace Race" by Seymour Melman is right now being sold at Fort McNair here in Washington. This is a typical pro-Communist book. Are you familiar with that book?

Colonel WILSON. No, I am not, sir.

SUBTLE TECHNIQUES OF COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA AND SUBVERSION

Senator THURMOND. Colonel, there has been ample information and there have been numerous examples to show how by subtle influence the services can be prompted to soften and render harmless the exposure of communism. Some hard-hitting materials needed in orientation programs of our men in uniform have been toned down. and many discontinued. As you know the Communists are not going to knock on the Secretary of Defense's door and sell him on a soft coexistence policy of communism, rather an effort is made at promoting the use of innocuous, harmless and even misleading materials on communism in the services.

Do you believe that we have personnel in the right places in the services, who are sufficiently qualified to detect the more subtle techniques of softening our stand against communism and to influence our basic military discipline, dedication and will to fight?

Colonel WILSON. Sir, I am not fully qualified to give an authoritative answer. I believe the quality of our personnel located in positions such as you describe varies, and I would hesitate to say to what degree. Obviously, at certain points certain things are coming through, and this says to me at certain points there may be inefficiency, ineffectiveness, or lack of knowledge-ability. But to answer really authoritatively, I again have to say that I am not fully qualified in this area.

Senator THURMOND. We recently had testimony from Dr. Sala concerning the "Documents and Publications Analyst Course." This course provided 340 hours of formal classroom instruction and practical exercises on all aspects of the more subtle techniques of Communist subversion, agitation and propaganda. Your detection of the "leftist tint" intelligence document was one of several incidents which

occurred in the period of 1952-54 to prompt the Secretary of the Army to initiate a study on the education of our military and to place greater emphasis on the more subtle techniques of propaganda in the cold war. Are you familiar with the "Documents and Publications Analyst Court," which was conducted in two classes in 1954 and 1955 and then was discontinued?

Colonel WILSON. I am afraid I am not, sir.

Senator THURMOND. Colonel, I would like to review with you several examples of more subtle techniques of propaganda and subversion which are currently not adequately covered in military training in service schools. You may have heard of testimony before this subcommittee which indicates that there is a growing volume of salacious literature reaching our military services. Dr. Beerstrecher indicated recently that the military of every free nation have been subjected to demoralization by the Communist opponent. In varying degrees, moral subversion has been a factor favoring the Reds in bringing about the collapse of anti-Communist forces. What are your experiences with this area of activity?

Colonel WILSON. I have had some experience in this area which has involved the direct subversion of certain individuals wearing the U.S. uniform, sir. The details of this, I am sorry to say, I cannot cover in the present session, since they would be classified. However, there

are

Senator THURMOND. Well, don't go into anything classified. We can go into executive session on any parts

Colonel WILSON. Well, they would simply serve as examples that there are instances in which this kind of propaganda does have an effect on individuals who do not possess a sufficiently positive motivation to begin with.

DISCUSSION ON HOUSE COMMITTEE REPORT ON OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS

Senator THURMOND. In a committee report on obscene publications, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Postal Operations reported in September 1959 on the degree in which "obscenity benefits the Communists." As you know, Colonel Wilson, it is extremely difficult to document these well-hidden methods of Communist subversion. Let me read from this committee report on page 14:

The committee does not believe it unreasonable to suspect that there is a connection between pornographic literature and subversive elements in this country. Allen C. Bradley, of the Advocate, official publication of the archdiocese of Newark, N.J., in a statement presented to the subcommittee, wondered "just how much influence the Communist Party played in publication, distribution, and promotion of this type of literature." He stated further: "The possibility of Communist influence was brought out in testimony just last year before a New York joint legislative committee." The possible connection was also referred to in the Foner hearings of 1956 before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. A writing used by Communist revolutionary organizations in 1919, "Rules for Bringing About Revolution," states in part: “Corrupt the young, get them away from religion, get them interested in sex. Make them superficial and destroy their ruggedness."

Colonel Wilson, what is your view of this Communist revolutionary writing?

Colonel WILSON. This is an example of the fact, sir, from my limited knowledge of Communist doctrine, tactics, and techniques,