follow-up activity, or participation by the average citizen, shall we say. OUTLINE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGY SEMINARS Senator THURMOND. The Institute for American Strategy produced a guide on the manner in which seminars of this type could be organized. I would like this outline put in the record at this point. It is entitled "Outline for National Strategy Seminars by Institute of American Strategy." If there is no objection, we will place that in the record. (The document referred to is as follows:) OUTLINE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGY SEMINARS BY INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN STRATEGY (Extracts from "Handbook of Strategy Seminars-How To Organize a 2-Day Conference on National Security Affairs") SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SEMINAR An adequate curriculum should 1. Provide facts on Sino-Soviet military, economic, and technological capabilities; 2. Analyze Communist covert and propaganda operations-inside the United States as well as Afro-Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe; 3. Reexamine and revitalize our own ideological armament; 4. Answer the question of the private citizen: "What can I do?" THE CURRICULUM The following subject areas and lecture titles are suggestions only. However, it is desirable to cover the entire spectrum of conflict. Hence it is recommended that at least one topic from each of the eight major headings be included in the program, if possible: 1. Introduction: (a) The threat we face (in its totality). (b) History and scope of Communist aggression. 2. Communist grand strategy: (a) Clausewitz, Lenin, and Mao Tse-tung. (b) The theory and practice of protracted conflict. 3. The military danger: (a) Four ways to lose a shooting war. (b) Russian nuclear and limited war potential. (c) Is hot war "unthinkable" to the Russian general staff? 4. Economics and national defense: (a) The Soviet economic challenge. (b) Foreign aid, military assistance, and dollar stability. (c) A detailed description of the work of the World Bank, Development Loan Fund, OECD, International Finance Corporation, etc. 5. Communist cold war tactics: (a) Subversive, espionage and "fronts" in the United States. (d) Peaceful coexistence as a Soviet stratagem. 6. Communist vulnerabilities: (a) Tensions behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains. (b) Ideological heresies in the Communist "church." (c) The competing power elites of the Sino-Soviet empire. 7. Positive strategies for America and the free world: (a) Training a Peace Corps for service on the nonmilitary front. 8. Practical guidance and panel discussion: (a) The role of the private citizen in national defense. (b) Case studies in community, corporate, and college programs in national security affairs. (c) Teaching Communist strategy in the public schools. Senator THURMOND. It provides a framework of the cold war programs conducted by the IAS. It includes under paragraph 5 the specific objectives for cold war education. Paragraph 5: Communist Cold War Tactics, has four subheads which are as follows: (a) Subversive espionage and fronts in the United States. (b) Fifth column and guerrilla warfare in the Western Hemisphere. (c) Current Communist propaganda themes. (d) Peaceful coexistence as a Soviet strategy. Do you feel this guide covers the entire spectrum of the cold war threat of communism? General WILLIAMS. To whom are you directing the question, sir? Senator THURMOND. General Williams, you can answer that. General WILLIAMS. Well, without careful study of this suggested curriculum, I would say that generally it seems to cover the spectrum of the cold war and would seem to be entirely appropriate for the purpose intended. BRIEFING ON COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AT ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF NEW YORK GUARD COMMANDERS Senator THURMOND. It is my understanding that as a result of the C. W. Post College seminar, the decision was made by General O'Hara to include a briefing on Communist propaganda and subversion at the annual conference of New York National Guard commanders at which the Governor of the State of New York and his cabinet are provided an annual progress report. Is that correct? General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. I have been informed this briefing included progress in conventional military training of the New York National Guard, status of supplies, adequacy of funds, and proposals for future action. Apparently it was felt that increased emphasis in training on the Communist threat would not only provide much needed additional knowledge, but also constitute a motivational factor in the National Guard training program. I believe the briefing occurred on May 19, 1961. General, would you please outline for us the program and the reaction of members of the cabinet and National Guard command to this briefing? General WILLIAMS. Considering the briefing as a whole, it seemed to me that the reaction of National Guard commanders and members of the cabinet who were present was most favorable. Several of them were heard to express their keen interest in the briefing and their amazement at what the scope of the activities of military affairs in the State of New York was. They were very happy to have this briefing. And to the best of my knowledge, this is the first such briefing that was ever held in the State of New York. Pertinent to the subject of Communist subversion, the presentation was necessarily limited in time to about 5 minutes. This was because the Governor had another urgent commitment-whereas I believe the presentation would normally have covered some 20 or 25 minutes, it was limited to about 5. And I do not think that this particular presentation had much of an impact on the meeting, because of its having to be condensed into such a short period. Senator THURMOND. In other words, you feel that the reaction was favorable, but it would have been more helpful if it could have been on a broader scope and more time used to present it. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. I believe Governor Rockefeller concurred during this briefing that education on communism should be encouraged, didn't he? General WILLIAMS. I have this impression, but I do not recall hearing the Governor make the statement, sir. Senator THURMOND. It was your purpose to insure that the State military personnel would not be caught napping on issues of communism since you considered this to be an essential area of knowledge for the men in your organization, is that correct? General WILLIAMS. Will you please repeat the question? Senator THURMOND. It was your purpose to insure that the State military personnel would not be caught napping on issues of communism, since you considered this to be an essential area of knowledge for the men in your organization. That is correct, is it not? General WILLIAMS. Senator, is this statement or question related to the previous one on the briefing given to the Governor and his staff? Senator THURMOND. That is correct. General WILLIAMS. If that is correct, I had no purpose in the meeting at all. I was simply one of the people in attendance at the meeting. I did not draw up the agenda for the meeting and had nothing to do with it, except to be present. Senator THURMOND. Well, who sponsored it? General WILLIAMS. This meeting was drawn up by General A. C. O'Hara, who is chief of staff to the Governor of the State of New York. Senator THURMOND. And he rather than you sponsored the meeting. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. Do you know whether it was his thinking to include cold war training so that a large number of civilian educators, who are also members of the Militia Association and the National Guard, would provide a means to bring carefully prepared edueational programs on communism into the high school system and colleges of New York. General WILLIAMS. Sir, I am not competent to answer that question. And I might state for clarification, sir, that in New York State we have a rather large military force. In the Army National Guard alone we have two divisions, plus several thousand nondivisional troops. Additionally, we have an Air National Guard, and a Naval Militia. O'HARA'S TITLE AND POSITION In his capacity as chief of staff to the Governor, and head of the division of military and naval affairs in New York, General O'Hara has a rather broad scope of interest and authority. My interest as commanding general of one of the divisions would be a more provincial one. This is why I am not competent to state Senator THURMOND. What is General O'Hara's title, and what position does he hold? General WILLIAMS. He holds two positions. He is chief of staff to the Governor, and head of the division of military and naval affairs in the State. He is also the commanding general of the New York Army National Guard. And he has a separate staff for each function. WILLIAMS COMMANDS 27TH ARMORED DIVISION Senator THURMOND. And you have how many divisions? General WILLIAMS. There are two divisions. The 27th Armored Division in upstate New York, and the 42d Infantary Division, centered in the metropolitan New York City and Long Island area. Senator THURMOND. You command the 27th Armored Division. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. SUBJECTS ON COMMUNISM IN CURRICULUM OF NEW YORK HIGH SCHOOLS Senator THURMOND. We have been informed that at that time a parallel action was being processed by the superintendent for education of the State of New York to obtain authority for the inclusion of subjects on communism in the New York State high school system. I believe that Governor Rockefeller signed a bill in September of 1961, which approved inclusion of subjects about communism in the curriculum for high schools. Since this bill did not provide for specific hours of instruction, nor provide for experienced instructors on the subject of communism, I gather that you felt that you had a resource of experienced personnel who had access to reliable materials on communism and who could provide information to take into schools. Was that your feeling? General WILLIAMS. I think it was felt that this would be desirable if done by the individuals on their own initiative. I am not aware of any guidance on the subject that was given by the Governor or by the division of military and naval affairs. Senator THURMOND. Were you or General O'Hara consulted with this course in communism in the schools? General WILLIAMS. I was not personally consulted. I cannot speak for General O'Hara. Senator THURMOND. If it is to be presented, of course it ought to be presented by competent instructors, using the proper materials. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. I am sure you would agree with that. QUALIFICATIONS OF NATIONAL GUARD MEMBERS TO PRESENT COURSES ON COMMUNISM Senator THURMOND. The members of the National Guard of New York who had received training on communism would be qualified to present such courses. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. They could be very hulpful, could they not? General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. NO FURTHER SEMINARS PLANNED BY NEW YORK MILITIA ASSOCIATION Senator THURMOND. I understand that the next step to encourage education on communism in your own command was the initiation of a series of seminars for the New York National Guard personnel in the Militia Association which included Army, Naval, and Air Force Guard personnel. Is that correct? General WILLIAMS. I believe, sir, you refer to the series of seminars which was actually held in 1961. No further seminars within the association have been planned on this subject. Senator THURMOND. Only those in 1961. General WILLIAMS. That is correct. One moment, please, sir. Senator THURMOND. If Colonel Joyce wishes to amplify on that, we would be pleased to have him do so. General WILLIAMS. You referred to my command, I believe, and not to the Militia Association. Within my command, the 27th Armored Division, we have no present plan to conduct any seminars or any information sessions for our own troops or for the public on this subject. Senator THURMOND. You say you have none now. General WILLIAMS. We have no plans whatsoever at the present time. Colonel JOYCE. If I may interject just a minute, sir. These seminars were conducted by the Militia Association, and not by the National Guard as such. That is the point I wanted to make. QUALITY CONTROL OF NEW YORK MILITIA ASSOCIATION Senator THURMOND. Either one of you might answer this-General Williams or Colonel Joyce. Could you please explain how these seminars were conducted and the measures you took to insure "quality control" over the speakers as well as those who attended? General WILLIAMS. I will be glad to answer that, sir. I am referring now to the seminars that were conducted for members of the Militia Association. We went to American Strategy, Inc., a private corporation composed mainly of reserve officers and headed by Col. Albert Fuge, of New York City, privately financed. We asked American Strategy, Inc., to provide us with knowledgeable and available speakers to address our conferences. A speaker was furnished, and on one occasion two speakers. And prior to each of these conferences, I reviewed with the speakers the scope of their material and the manner of presentation and I assured myself, prior to presentation, that the information that they would give out would be factual and unbiased. And then I sat in on each of these meetings and determined that the information was presented as agreed in advance. Senator THURMOND. So you did take steps to exercise quality control, and you are satisfied with the manner in which the seminars were conducted, I presume. General WILLIAMS. Yes, sir, I was entirely satisfied. There was no prior clearance with G-2 1st Army in connection with these seminars. These presentations were made to a group of National Guard officers in their civilian capacity, and they, generally speaking, |