at the close of World War II in Europe. This film is identified as MID 5029, 11 reels, 35mm, B&W. Portions of this film have been used in various Army Pictorial Center productions.

2. Battle for Stalingrad-A Soviet documentary, in two parts, of Russian troops engaged in combat against the Nazi during battles for the strategic Soviet city during World War II. The film is identified as MID 5015, 10 reels, 35mm, B&W, and MID 5057, 10 reels, B&W. Portions of both parts have been used in various Army Pictorial Center productions.

3. 38th Parallel-A Korean propaganda film on the events leading to the crossing of the 38th Parallel during the Korean conflict. The film is identified as MID 5156, 5 reels, 35mm, B&W. No print is at Army Pictorial Center. A print is at the National Archives. Portions were used in Project 22435, "Prisoners of War in Communist Hands" (not released). Portions were also used in other Army Pictorial Center productions.

4. Battle for China-Depicts Chinese Communist soldiers and Chinese people in a propaganda film. This is a "Class D" adaption. The film is identified as TF 30-2109, 9 reels, 35mm, color. Portions have been used in AFIF-97, "Red China"; MF 30-8656, "SIS Area Film Study," now in revision; MF 308432, "Soviet Partners in the Orient," and others.

5. Fall of Berlin-A Soviet documentary recording Russian military attacks on the German capital during World War II. The film is identified as MID 5340, 8 reels, 35mm, B&W. No print is at Army Pictorial Center. A print is at the National Archives. Portions have been used in Army Pictorial Center projects.

6. Bacteriological Warfare-The film charges that the United States engaged in bacteriological warfare in China and Korea beginning in January 1952; it shows fragments of bombs being dropped and thereafter the World Peace Council in Stockholm launches an investigation. The Investigative Committee consists of representatives from the following countries: Sweden, Russia, France, Italy, Great Britain, and Brazil. The Committee travels to Mukden where the Chinese present evidence of the alleged germ bombing. Laboratory reports are presented to show that anthrax and encephalitis are among the germs used in the bombing. Thereafter, four U.S. flyers testify and each admits participation in the germ bombing raid. A copy of this film is located at the CIA and is identified as NR E6000. A print of this film is located at the Army Pictorial Center This film has not been used in Army Pictorial Center productions.

12. I have the correspondence between the troop information officer at Camp Stewart, Ga., and the information officer at 3d U.S. Army concerning the inclusion of editorials dealing with communism in the Camp Stewart post newspaper. This correspondence is of considerable interest to the subcommittee because it indicated that editorials on communism were generally frowned upon by the local post command as well as by information officer at 3d Army. Some of the comments concerning this problem indicated that the editors of the post newspaper should get away from "weighty international matters." It was further stated that other subjects of lighter reading would have greater appeal; for example, "blood donor campaign, traffic violations, popular versus hillbilly music, soldier savings, army chow, et cetera."

During our discussion with Mr. Runge and Mr. Katzenbach concerning the use of Armed Forces press clipsheet, it was brought out that the services require more hard-hitting and analytical editorials on communism. Yet in this correspondence between a post and an Army headquarters, the obvious indication is to retain military newspapers on the level of a slapstick gossip sheet. This is in direct contradiction to the testimony of Mr. Runge, who indicated that service newspapers should be used for educational purposes and could be valuable in helping educate the men in uniform in cold war threat. I hope the situation illustrated by this incident which occurred some time ago has now been corrected.

The correspondence will be included in the record at this point.

Attached material is submitted in its entirety for your comment. Request return to this section for reply to letter from Major Ennis.

The following is the consensus of the thinking of this office in the matter of the cited editorials:

1.

Editorial comment on such weighty international matters have no place in a post newspaper.

2. Any and all editorial matter must be subject to command scrutiny and clearance.

3. A wide range of subjects with much more soldier-reader appeal is always available to the ambitious editor, e.g. the blood donor campaign, traffic violations, populer vs. hillbilly music, scldier savings, Army 'chow', etc.

4. The editorial column is a most convenient avenue for the disaffected to spread their treachery on unsuspecting readers.

5. Much more fully qualified and knowledgeable editorial writers make a wide range of opinions on these controversial subjects available through the public press and an assortment of news and opinion magazines.

6. Would-be editorial writers in the Army could do their readers a greater service by providing them with a larger volume of factual material and some occasional light writing aimed at making people laugh.

7. While much of the above might be summarized in one or more current directives, it is believed that a firm policy statement might be segured through direct telephone contact with TJ&E, Washington.

William Whee

WILLIAM F. NEE, Lt Colonel, MPC
Information Officer

TROOP INFORMATION AND EDUCATION CENTER,
THIRD ARMY AAA TRAINING CENTER,
Camp Stewart, Ga., March 18, 1953.

CSTIE.

Subject: Request for Clarification of Army Policy Concerning Publication of Material Dealing with International Affairs in Post Newspapers.

Col. RALPH M. MANTER,

T.I. & E. Officer,

Headquarters, Third Army,

Fort McPherson, Ga.

DEAR COLONEL MANTER: I have a problem with the newspaper here that I would certainly appreciate your helping me with. The two men on the Rocket staff did not feel that they were completely fulfilling their duties by producing a post paper that contained local and national news items, but they wished to go beyond that, and lead the troops into thinking along constructive and analytical lines on international policies and conditions.

They have therefore written editorials calculated to stimulate discussion on topics of vital interest in this era, and eliminate innumerable doubts in the minds of those misinformed.

All of these editorials are sent through PIO for clearance through Headquarters here. Some of them have been approved, some disapproved. When the fourth and fifth editorials in the series were disapproved, a study was made in this section of SR 355-20-1 and SR 360-5-1, Presidential order (dated 5 Dec. 1950) and T.I. & E. Officers Guide, but we have been unable to find a cause for the disapproval of these editorials.

Naturally, it is discouraging to anyone to spend a lot of time on an editorial, only to have it disapproved. Therefore, I would like to have a clearer understanding of the policies of the Department of the Army in regard to editorial matter to be printed in an official publication, so am sending you some editorials that have been written in the Rocket office, tabbed to differentiate between those published, disapproved, and submitted to you for clearance. Will you kindly read these editorials, criticize or approve them, and let us know whether it is advisable to cover subjects on foreign or international relations, or would it be better and safer to stick to local and national problems? Thank you for your assistance, I am, Sincerely,

ROSA E. ENNIS, Major, WAC, T.I. & E. Officer.

HEADQUARTERS, 3D ARMY,

Fort McPherson, Ga., April 1, 1953.

Maj. ROSA E. ENNIS,

Troop I. & E. Officer,

Camp Stewart, Ga.

DEAR MAJOR ENNIS: I am returning your editorials with a comment made by the 3d Army PIO. In short, I think we all agree it is best to steer clear of any controversial subject matter. As for the fact that this material was used at AFIS, there are several comments applicable. Although not classified, the material was presented to a select group. All T.I. & E. personnel are cleared, and much information was released at Fort Slocum, which would not be suitable for newspaper editorials. Also, material which was used there and should be disseminated to all troops, has been covered in various AFT's and troop topics.

We find your paper an exceptionally good one, and I can appreciate the feelings of the staff who have worked on these editorials only to have them disapproved. However, I hope the comments from Lieutenant Colonel Nee will be helpful for future reference.

We did not call T.I. & E., Washington, as Colonel Nee suggested in paragraph 7 of his comments, because at the time we had a DA T.I. & E. staff member in the office. He, Major Barton, was in complete accord with Colonel Nee's policy and felt sure that Washington would merely reiterate his views.

Hope this clarifies the situation. If we can be of further help, please let me know.

Sincerely,

FRANCES E. CASTLEBERRY, Captain, WAC, Chief, Information Division.

EDITORIAL-FIRST OF A SERIES

In order to be more fully aware of the current world situation and to give you a better understanding of the important role you as an individual play in your country's defense, this series of articles has been prepared for your benefit. You will literally receive a "tour around the world" during this series, which ranges from history and economics to government. The immediate and potential threats to your safety and safety to your country will be fully covered. The strength and weaknesses of your allies and enemies will also be brought to light.

Our aim is not to scare or alarm you, but to enable you to recognize and evaluate what is going on in the world today. As a soldier-citizen it is your duty to defend your country. It is also your duty to know about your country, its principles and history.

Right now, the nations of the free world are engaged in the defense of the principles of freedom, the dignity of man and the maintainance [sic] of international peace. Some of you have fought in Korea against Communist aggression and some of you will soon be headed that way.

We want you to know why you fought or why you fight, why you should be proud of your allies and be able to fight side by side with them and, why you should be better citizen-soldiers.

In order to accomplish any goal, you must know something about your subject. As a soldier, you are defending the democratic principles of our country as opposed by communism under the guiding hand of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

What is communism? Communism itself is nothing more than a philosophy. We are not fighting the philosophy of communism but that form sponsored by the Soviet Union.

Carl Marx, the father of communism, originated this definition. "Communism is a philosophy of revolutionary and economic change based upon materialism, the principle of violent class warfare, the inevitable destruction of the borgeois [sic] (capitalist) society, and the eventual development of a classless and stateless world society."

This is not the communism we find in Russia today. Certainly it has some aspects of Marxian communism, but it is fitted to suit the needs of the Soviet Union under one-Josef Stalin.

Like the history of Russia itself, communism has undergone considerable change since the first Marxian society was formed in 1883. Russia's history has been one of revolution and poverty and oppression of the peasants has been dominant.

Four men have played the leading role in the expansion of communism. The first of course was Marx. The other three are Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin.

We have an idea of what we are faced with from the words of the murdered Trotsky. "War will be a continuous process until all people of the world become incorporated into the Communist society. In the coming struggle, the armed forces of the Communist state have two main functions. The first of these is to spuport [sic] (psychological warfare) with the ever present threat of violence. The second is to conform, if necessary, after a short, sharp struggle, the victory already won by psychological warfare. If the forces of disintegration are correctly employed, such armed clashes will be victory marches for the Red army."

Modern communism, as we know it today, is a powerful weapon of the Soviet Union. Politically, it is based on terror and deception. It is economically collectivist (government ownershop) [sic] and socially totalitarian.

The military doctrine of the Soviet Union is this: The Soviet Union is engaged in a total all-out war with the capitalist world. Thus all elements of Soviet society are geared [sic] to that war effort. To them, war is inevitable but it is not limited to military action alone. And to the Communists, war is justifiable.

Like any force, the communist [sic] follow certain patterns of aggression. And it is out [sic] duty to halt the advance of the "surging Red tide." By means of absorption, domination, influence, and infiltration, they have managed to spread their vicious doctrine throguhout [sic] the world.

As was pointed out before, communism originally started out as nothing more than a philosophy instituted by Carl Marx. Today it has changed from a "workers movement" to the political philosophy behind Soviet expansion, and international communism is the agency of the Soviet government.

Perhaps one of the reasons Russia and communism were able to spread so rapidly was the fact that there were no natural barriers to stop expansion. Today, the size of the Soviet Union is over 82 million square miles. Her 16 closest neighbors are all small or weak states.

Today, communism is a non-tolerant force which permits no middle way. Only 40 years ago Lenin said, "We are living not merely in a state but in a system of states and the existence of the Soviet Republic side by side with imperialist states for a long time is unthinkable. One or the other must triumph in the end."

[Feb. 3, 1953]

RUSSIA-POLITICS AND ECONOMICS

In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Communist Party is the only political party authorized by law. The organization of any other political party, or the dissemination of any political thought other than the party's, is treason. However, only six million of the 115 million people who voted in the last election are communists. Elections are universal and secret and only those citizens "in good standing" are permitted to vote. But the communist part ydominates [sic] all top-level government agencies.

Generally there is only one candidate for each elective office, and those candidates are of course loyal members of the communist party.

In its efforts to defeat the capitalist world, the Soviet Union has successfully employed economic means as well as political and military tactics. At present the Soviet economy is under the direct and absolute control of the central regime.

Russia's economy has been periodically built-up and then destroyed by wars or revolutions. After World War II, most of its existing industrial plants in western Russia were destroyed. Since that time, it has been able to disperse and rebuild its industries.

At present, Russia is retooling its industrial plants and reequiping [sic] its Armed forces with some increase of consumer production. Heavy industry, with an over-emphasis on military production, is now in full swing. At least that is the plan.

But "Uncle Joe" is running into a lot of difficulty. The whole Communist empire is showing signs of strain. Satellite industries are not producing enough to keep up with growing demands. Day by day, the cost of financing the Korean War gets bigger and bigger. Grumbling, discontent, and in some instances sabotage have thrown the proverbial monkey-wrench in Stalin's war output.

Fear obviously governs the citizens of the Kremlin. The constant threat to one's safety and the various purges (which incidently make the Nazis look like school children) are factors that are constantly keeping Russia in the red, in more ways than one. Russian leaders no longer appear as supermen to the peasants.

Lack of skilled labor is also a threat to Soviet productivity. The labor unions are organs of the government and the forced labor system is controlled by the MVD. Transportation is inadequate, with a lack of transcontinental rail and road network, and Russia's canal system is hampered by the weather. There is however, rapid development in air transportation.

From a strategic outlook, Russia's major oil and food production areas are vulnerable to invasion. Her industrial centers are dependent on "import" of food and oil and inadequate transportation restricts full use of natural resources. And finally, the lack of skilled labor has retarded the industrialization program. We, in the United States, produce seven times as much coal as the Russians; four and a half times as much food and thre [sic] times as much steel. And as of 1950, the average wage of a citizen in the country was $1440 per year, as compared to $310 for the Russian.

Politically, all organized opposition to the Soviet regime has been ruthlessly destroyed. The remaining opposition within the country is disorganized and thus does not represent a real threat to the party. But the survivors of the slave labor camps and members of persecuted political and racial minorities may be the greatest threat to the regime.

The ultimate aim of the Soviet domestic policy is to build a power potential superior to any combination of powers in the world.