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approved the film prior to the Department of Army screening because they felt the training objectives to stimulate "uncompromising resistance to communism" had been accomplished. I do not know where DOD obtained their information that this film would do "immeasurable harm to other training objectives." There was a study made of troop reactions at Fort Dix and Fort Totten concerning this film.

In a carefully devised audience reaction test, the Army Pictorial Center established that the film created a definite change in reaction to surrender. An overall 22 percent of the audience changed their test papers to an attitude of more positive resistance to capture. In another question before the film was shown, 72 percent of the soldiers indicated that they would attempt to try to escape after capture. After they saw the film, 93 percent stated that the best time to escape is as soon as possible. Prior to the viewing of the film, 15 percent responded affirmatively to the remark "Upon capture your war has just begun." Following the viewing of the film, this percentage was raised to 46.5 percent.

I have in my hand the complete analysis of the audience reaction using hundreds of officers and men to determine whether or not this film would have been a valuable addition to our military cold war training program. Based on this research, I am convinced that the men who saw the film responded not only favorably, but dozens of men indicated that this film is a must in basic training to motivate the young soldier to accept the seriousness and the reason for why he is training.

As the case with the film "Crime of Korea" AFSR-125, official films which had a shock effect are either eliminated or restricted in such a way as to lose the value.

The material on these unused films will be printed in the record at this
point.
GENERAL COUNSEL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,
Washington, D.C., April 30, 1692.

Mr. JAMES T. KENDALL,
Chief Counsel, Special Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, Senate Office
Building.

DEAR MR. KENDALL: Your letter of February 28, 1962, requests certain information concerning film projects dealing with the handling and interrogation of prisoners of war that were scheduled but not approved.

The Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower), has informed me that:

"In the early summer of 1956 initial steps were taken to produce a film, using the facilities of The Naval Photographic Center, called 'Why GI Captives Caved In,' and in August 1956, a film on prisoners of war entitled 'Communist Exploitation of POW's' was planned. Neither film reached the production stage and no records as to the reasons for dropping the projects are available. The film "The Code' (AFIF-90) replaced 'Communist Exploitation of POW's.'" The Department of the Army has informed me that:

"The following film dealing with handling and interrogation of POW's was projected, but was cancelled prior to filming: Project Big Picture, T-16680, 'Escape From Communism,' cancelled 31 October 1955. Active Army files do not reflect the reason for cancellation of this film.

"The film, 'Prisoners of War in Communist Hands,' TJ 30-1954, was produced, and the print was reviewed by the Army staff for approval. The film was not approved for release for the following reasons:

"(1) It induces a frame of mind wherein complete capitulation to the enemy after capture appears inevitable. This is at variance with, and will do immeasurable harm to other training objectives.

"(2) It gives only a portion of the story of what a prisoner may expect from communist captors, and portrays civilian scenes not related to communist treatment of military prisoners.

"(3) It fails to make clear the objective of the film. The film is also inaccurate in that it shows several scenes of Japanese brutality toward civilians which are not factually related to the communist treatment of prisoners of war." The Navy Department, the Marine Corps, and the Department of the Air Force have informed me that no film projects dealing with the handling and interrogation of prisoners of war were scheduled and not later approved or released.

Sincerely,

CYRUS R. VANCE.

15. I have the correspondence from DOD, dated April 6, 1962, in response to a letter from the subcommittee dated February 19, 1962. Our requests involved the use by military chaplains of a commercial publication entitled "Jesus and the Kingdom of God." I had received information from a number of military personnel, stationed overseas as well as in the United States, that they suspected this publication of having been properly devised to undermine based Protestant beliefs. The answer provided by DOD indicates that the manual "Jesus and The Kingdom of God" was withdrawn because it did not meet "broad based Protestant education curriculum." It further states "this unfortunate occurrence resulted in a decision not to include any materials in the curriculum that could not be reviewed in complete form at the time of selection."

I am including the entire analysis of this problem in the appendix. In my mind, the lack of "quality control" on publications of the type described here affords subversive organizations free access to programs in the military that are designed to build dedication, loyalty, discipline, and a will to fight.

I have repeatedly pointed out in these hearings that until the services develop an adequate number of trained specialists, thoroughly familiar with the more subtle techniques of propaganda, that the chaplains and the other branches of services are subject to the invulnerability established in this case.

(The correspondence on this subject will be printed in the record at this point.)

GENERAL COUNSEL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,

JAMES T. KENDALL, Esq.,

Chief Counsel,

Washington, D.C., April 6, 1962.

Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee,
Washington, D.C.

DEAR MR. KENDALL: I am transmitting herewith material furnished by the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army, in response to the questions in your letter of February 19, 1962.

Sincerely,

CYRUS R. VANCE.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS IN MR. KENDALL'S LETTER OF FEBRUARY 19, 1962

Question 1. Does the Army Chaplain's Office screen material before its utilization in military installations?

Answer. The educational materials for which the Chief of Chaplains is responsible are screened before they are utilized by Army installations and units both in the United States and overseas. The type of materials and screening procedures are as follows:

(1) "Character Guidance Discussion Topics-Duty, Honor, Country.”— These materials are prepared under the direction of the Chief of Chaplains by the U.S. Army Chaplain Board and are published as Department of the Army pamphlets. They are carefully reviewed and screened by the Chief of Chaplains, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Chief of Information, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, the Commanding General, U.S. Continental Army Command, and the Army Publications Board. These materials are used in character guidance instruction classes attended by military personnel 1 hour each month.

(2) Unified Protestant Sunday School curriculum.-Because of the variegated nature of Protestantism, the Chiefs of Chaplains of the Army, Navy, and Air Force have developed a unified religious educational curriculum for use in military Sunday Schools attended by military personnel and their families who represent the various Protestant denominations in the United States.

(a) These materials are selected from a vast and varied assortment of educational materials published by 32 church-owned publishing houses in the United States.

(b) Materials are selected on the basis of their suitability for use in an interdenominational curriculum and appropriateness for utilization in the military community. Selection is made by a committee of 12 civilian religious educational consultants. The selections of this committee are screened by a committee of three chaplains representing the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

(c) Because the materials are selected 18 months before they are utilized, they have not always been available for review in complete form, but only in outline. This was the case in regard to the selection of the subject manual, "Jesus and The Kingdom of God." This manual was published barely in time

to meet the distribution date and was not seen in complete form until it reached the using installations. This publication was withdrawn from the curriculum when it was discovered that several chapters were inappropriate for use in a broad-based Protestant educational curriculum. Some of the issues discussed in these chapters are legitimate within the framework of Christian faith but are not generally accepted or considered by most American Protestant denominations. This unfortunate occurrence resulted in a decision not to include any materials in the curriculum that could not be reviewed in complete form at the time of selection.

(d) It is emphasized that this curriculum is not a military program. It is a civilian church program provided for the benefit of military personnel and their families through the assistance and cooperation of 32 American Protestant churches. The materials are prepared and published for the use of Sunday Schools of these and other churches and are made available for use by military installations. In this way, the chaplains of the three military services are able to provide religious instructional materials that are identical to those used in our civilian churches.

(3) Religious education curriculum for Roman Catholics.-Instructional materials are recommended by the Chiefs of Chaplains of the three services for use in catechetical classes for Roman Catholics. These are not screened by the Chief of Chaplains' Office because of the homogeneous nature of the materials published by Roman Catholic publishing houses.

(4) Religious education curriculum for Jewish personnel. This instructional program is handled in the same manner as for Roman Catholics.

Question 2. Is an "intelligence" or "security" contact available to the chaplain's office to check questionable sources of information?

Answer. The facilities of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence are available to the Chief of Chaplains to check questionable sources of materials. These facilities, however, are not utilized to screen materials described in the answer to question 1 above because the character guidance materials are prepared by chaplains under the direction of the Chief of Chaplains, and because the religious educational materials are prepared by responsible publishing firms operated and/or controlled by American churches. Any other materials which might come to the attention of the Chief of Chaplains considered subversive would be immediately referred to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence for investigation.

Question 3. Is the Chief Chaplain's Office qualified to evaluate material which may have subversive or other objectives contrary to the best interest of the military?

Answer. The Office of the Chief of Chaplains is qualified to evaluate materials within its area of responsibility that may contain subversive elements. The office is qualified to perform this function because the Chief of Chaplains and members of his staff, as well as most other chaplains, are educated in moral political philosophy and American history. This training provides them with a deep appreciation of American tradition and an understanding of the theory and practice of alien philosophies that are inimical to the welfare of the Nation. Most of the chaplains in the office are also graduates of high level courses in the Army school system which have acquainted them with the insidious devices of our enemies, both within and without, to destroy our culture and its JudeoChristian values.

Question 4. Are chaplains familiar with the techniques used by subversive organizations to inject controversial or outright un-American material into the educational and opinion media to harm the nations and the military forces in particular?

Answer. This question is answered in the response to question 3.

Question 5. What type of program exists in the Chaplain's Corps to promote alertness on subjects outlined in paragraphs 1 through 4 above?

Answer. Generally, unit chaplains receive the same training as other officers in subversive activities of the enemy. In addition, the U.S. Army Chaplain School provides courses that deal directly or indirectly with the material under discussion. Three of these subjects are "American Heritage," "American Thought," and "Concepts of National Power." These subjects reinforce the civilian university and seminary training of chaplains in the rich political and social heritage and values of America. They also acquaint chaplains with the history, theory, and practice of communism, to include the techniques used by Communists to overthrow and control the governments of other nations. Other

subjects in the curriculum include intelligence and security operations of the Army. All chaplains eventually take these subjects during their Army career.

Another example of inadequate intelligence screening of publications is to be found in the Air Force use in their ROTC program at the University of Alabama of the book "World Politics" by A. F. K. Organski, published by Borzoi Books. This book has been carefully analyzed from the standpoint of its value to Air Force ROTC cadets. This book has been found to be entirely unsuccessful for the purpose of promoting a clear military background and evaluation of communism. understand 50,000 copies were purchased by the Air Force for use in the ROTC programs. The book is an apology for communism. It establishes the theory of coexistence with communism and projects the ultimate threat of China and India. I will quote from page 447:

"When China passes Russia, friction between these two nations should increase. Relations may even get quite nasty, but it seems safe to predict that Russia will hand over leadership of the Communist world to her great partner without a fight, for China's superior power potential will be obvious; she will merely seek to dominate, not to overthrow, the Communist order; and a tradition of friendship will help to ease the transfer."

war.

There are numerous other statements in this book which tend to mislead and becloud the threat of communism facing this Nation in the current cold There is no mention of the worldwide Communist apparatus fully engaged in an overall effort against other countries of the free world. To provide material of this type for Air Force ROTC cadets can only promote confusion and work to the detriments of the Air Force in the long run.

Senator STENNIS. All right; is there anything else, Senator Thurmond?

Senator THURMOND. That is all I have.

Senator STENNIS. Mr. Kendall, do you have anything else?

Mr. KENDALL. I have nothing, Mr. Chairman.

Senator STENNIS. Mr. Reporter, we are off the record.

(Discussion off the record.)

Senator STENNIS. We will take a recess subject to the call of the Chair.

(Whereupon, at 2:55 p.m., the subcommittee was recessed, to reconvene at the call of the Chair.)

MILITARY COLD WAR EDUCATION AND SPEECH

REVIEW POLICIES

MONDAY, JUNE 4, 1962

U.S. SENATE,

SPECIAL PREPAREDNESS SUBCOMMITTEE
OF THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,

Washington, D.C.

The special subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:10 a.m., in room 318, Old Senate Office Building.

Present: Senators Stennis (chairman), Symington, Thurmond, and Bartlett.

Also present: Special subcommittee staff: James T. Kendall, chief counsel.

CHAIRMAN'S OPENING REMARKS

Senator STENNIS (presiding). The subcommittee will please come to order.

Secretary Ball, we are glad to have you back today as a witness. The purpose of this meeting is to give any member of the subcommittee, and the chief counsel, Mr. Kendall, an opportunity to examine Mr. Ball further, particularly with reference to the information submitted in accordance with the understanding we had with Mr. Ball when he was here in March, that written responses would be given in explanation of the major alterations or changes in a number of the speeches that had been under review by the subcommittee.

The chairman has no special statement this morning except that brief review of the situation.

Mr. Ball, again, we are glad to have you here, sir. We have your short prepared statement, and we are going to ask you to read it, if desire to.

you

I understand copies of this have been presented to the press. Gentlemen of the press, we also have the responses sent in by Mr. Ball, and they are divided, for the most part, into various periods of time.

For instance, here is one group that begins with the 1961 Berlin crisis. One group is made up of miscellaneous speeches. We have some copies of these that we will be glad for the press to have, but we do not have enough for all the members of the press.

All right, may we have a general understanding for today? Mr. Ball, can you be available this afternoon, too?

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