One Little Rock Chamber of Commerce to sponsor the meeting in Little Rock. Reserve officer was placed on active duty to promote the meeting. [The program lists, under his picture, in uniform, as 'State coordinator,' one 'Charles D. Henley, brigadier general, USAR.'] Attendance was pushed through both the Arkansas National Guard and the Reserve units. Through this activity the meetings and information disseminated had in the public eye the stamp of approval of the Army and National Government." While the programs included one or two speakers who are believed to have taken a broader outlook, they were dominated by talks from persons who stressed the Communist menace in this country. Among these speakers were Dr. George S. Benson and Dr. Clifton L. Ganus, Jr., of Harding College, Searcy, Ark. (This college and its affiliated groups produced a film, "Communism on the Map," under the supervision of one Glenn Green, who has acknowledged membership in the John Birch Society (Newsweek, May 1, 1961, p. 42).) The film indicates Communist (or Socialist, which it equates with Communist) control of all the world, save the United States, which is menaced. It is critical of U.S. policy toward Russia. Dr. Benson has said: "Any American who loves freedom and is willing to work, work, work to protect it can find intelligent direction and companionship in a John Birch Society group" (see the New York Times of May 18, 1961, p. 26, for a description of the philosophy and work of Dr. Benson and Harding College). An Arkansas citizen wrote of the Fort Smith meeting: "Dr. Clifton L. Ganus, Jr., vice president and dean of the School of American Studies at Harding College, made the statement 'your Representative (James W. Trimble) in this area has voted 89 percent of the time to aid and abet the Communist Party.'" A speaker at all three conferences was Dr. Robert Morris, former counsel of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, unsuccessful candidate for Republican nomination to the U.S. Senate from New Jersey, and now president of Dallas University. His speech titles were: "No Wonder We Are Losing," and "We Are Losing From Within." 2. On April 15, 1961, the Chamber of Commerce of Greater Pittsburgh, Pa., sponsored a "Fourth-Dimensional Warfare Seminar." The announcement addressed to civic and industrial leaders of Greater Pittsburgh, described the seminar as dealing with "Soviet-bloc subversion against the United States of America." It stated that the "seminar is being sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce of Greater Pittsburgh in cooperation with various military organizations in the Pittsburgh area. The purpose of this seminar is to provide guidance to area business executives and reservists regarding the deceptive Communist subversive efforts being directed toward the United States." The program for the seminar lists as cochairman of the seminar and chairman of the morning program one Joseph D. Hughes, "civilian aid to the Secretary of the Army.' Also in the printed program is a reproduction of a letter addressed to participants in the seminar, signed by Hughes, on stationery purporting to bear the seal of the "United States of America War Office," and the letterhead, "Civilian Aid to the Secretary of the Army." Elsewhere in the program appears the following: “The seminar staff acknowledges with grateful appreciation the assistance and support given us by Lt. Gen. Ridgely Gaither, commanding general, 2d U.S. Army, and his staff, and Maj. Gen. Ralph C. Cooper, commanding general, XXI U.S. Army Corps, and his staff, among others." The film, "Operation Abolition," was shown during the morning session. The objectives of the program were described in the printed program as: "1. To provide guidance to military reservists and to selected civic and business leaders regarding the deceptive Communist subversive efforts being directed toward the United States. "2. To alert all in attendance to the specific objectives of international communism that have an impact and bearing on our military effectiveness. "3. To demonstrate how the Communists use racial, religious, and social hate groups to destroy our basic American concepts of freedom. "4. To reveal areas of Communist influence upon American youth through infiltration into the theater, motion picture, television, and other entertainment media. "5. To orient American thinking toward un-American ideas and totalitarian actions in order to show the results of early exposure of our youth to Communist fronts and the detrimental effect it has on their attitude toward military service. "6. To reveal how the Communists use social, moral, and mental subversion to undermine military morale, esprit de corps, and 'the will to fight.'" 80752-62-pt. 6- -33 The program also includes a list under the title, "What You Can Do in the Fight Against Communism." Among these suggestions are: "Be on the alert for Communist sympathizers in your community, especially those who can mold youth or public opinion. "Be as cautious in sponsoring movements as you would be in signing a business contract. Check with local intelligence agencies before you sign or join. "Identify public officials and policies displaying softness toward communism. Demand a more patriotic attitude. "Be wary of films which stress social and moral depravity. Moral and social subversion are recognized operational methods of the Communist Party to weaken the moral fiber of this Nation. "Never use the term 'Communist' loosely or inaccurately. Misuse of the term only gains friends for communism." Reserve officers received credit for their training programs for attendance at this seminar. The principal speaker on the program, whose address was entitled, "Fourth Dimensional Warfare," was an Adm. Chester Ward. The program indicates that Admiral Ward (retired) "has been lecturing on national strategy for survival in seminars conducted by the Institute for American Strategy * * * the U.S. Army, the Reserve Officers Association of the United States, and the National Guard. Upon his recent voluntary retirement from active duty, the Secretary of the Navy awarded him, in the name of the President, the Legion of Merit. The citation refers to the wide acclaim won by Admiral Ward for 'his realistically expressed convictions concerning the cold war and the Communist conspiracy." The Pittsburgh Press on April 14, 1961, carried a story concerning this conference, from which the following is quoted: "A retired Navy admiral said today that some of the advisers now surrounding the President have philosophies regarding foreign affairs that would chill the typical American. "Chester Ward, retired read admiral, referred to U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson and Ambassador to Yugoslavia George F. Kennan by name. "Admiral Ward said he fears a national sellout of freedom in order to buy peace. "Some 300 businessmen, military reservists, and—by invitation-city, county, and parochial school children attended the day-long seminar on Communist subversion. "Admiral Ward's speech developed the themes that U.S. foreign policy since World War II has played into Soviet hands, that the United States is militarily incapable of surviving surprise Russian attack, and that negotiations with the Russians for disarmament are in fact appeasement. "He scored the U.S. policy of containment of the Soviet bloc attributed to Mr. Kennan during the Truman administration. "He said the policy had resulted in the Communists taking over Eastern Europe and China during Truman's years in the White House; in giving the Communists North Korea, the taking over of North Vietnam and Tibet, and the leapfrogging of Communist influence into Africa and Latin America during the Eisenhower years. "President Kennedy, Admiral Ward said, has already conceded the loss of Laos by the free world by advocating a neutralist regime there rather than a pro-Western regime. "In Ambassador Stevenson, Admiral Ward said sarcastically: 'Oh, what a brilliant, imaginative, bold representative we have there.' "He said Mr. Stevenson had watered down the proposed resolution condemning Soviet intervention in Hungary, and has predicted the inevitable entry of Communist China into the U.N. ""This is a wonderful way of accelerating your surrender,' Admiral Ward said. "The chief of long-range planning for the U.S. Army, Col. William R. Kintner, advocated an integrated national strategy based on military power to turn back communism and extend the frontiers of freedom." 3. In August 1960, officially franked Navy envelopes were received by civilians in Glenview, Ill., enclosing the following message: "The U.S. Naval Air Station, Glenview, Ill., presents 'Education for American Security.'" It stated that the program was directed at educators, students, college, business, and industrial leaders, and above all to mothers and fathers. This Navy announcement suggested that the program be announced at all community and school meetings and that participants in the naval base sessions would be taught how to create similar groups in every community of the Midwest. The announced purpose of the school was to motivate an active force against moral decay, political apathy, and spiritual bankruptcy, and to bring an awareness of the ominous hammer and sickle that threaten the very life of our Nation. The subject matter of the school will include our American Government and the complete orientation of the philosophy of communism. The program included one Dr. Fred Schwarz, Herbert Philbrick, and Richard Arens. The Bulletin, published at NAS Glenview, has urged organizations to help the House Un-American Activities Committee keep its appropriation. This publication stated, under a masthead marked that it was printed "on Government equipment with appropriated funds," said "it is the Communists aim to have this committee abolished, we must do everything in our power to see that it is not abolished." The New York Times of Sunday, May 21, 1961, page 54, indicates continued Navy participation in such programs, in spite of protests to the Secretary of the Navy a few months ago. Navy enlisted personnel are said to be showing "Operation Abolition" (on their own time and in civilian dress). The widespread results of this Navy-initiated civilian education program are also described in this article, as is the present attitude of the Navy commander of this station. 4. Sometime last year, the activities of Capt. Kenneth J. Sanger, commander of the Sands Point Naval Air Station, to arouse the civilian population to the dangers of communism, were noted in the press. The Seattle Times in March spoke of the fact that Sanger had made 233 talks to civilian groups on the dangers of internal communism. When these activities aroused controversy, Captain Sanger produced evidence of support by Vice Adm. Robert Goldthwaite, Chief of Naval Air Training, Pensacola, Fla. 5. Project Alert, which apparently originated at Pensacola, Fla., was designed to alert military and civilian personnel to the problems of Communist infiltration. It is said to have been endorsed by the Chief of Naval Air Training and staff, Pensacola, and the commandant 8th Naval District and staff, New Orleans. Before this project started, a group of community leaders in and around Pensacola were flown to Harding College for indoctrination. When the program operated, it used Harding College material. Glenn Green and Dr. Clifton Ganus, of Harding College, participated in some capacity. Navy personnel and civil service workers were alleged to have been required to attend these meetings on duty hours. 6. The Pensacola project was carried over into Georgia and South Carolina when the Pensacola group held an interstate conference. Official delegates were said to have included Lt. Gen. Paul Adams, Lt. Col. W. N. Payne, and Maj. W. E. Murphy, of the 3d Army Headquarters, Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ga. Colonel Payne held the title "Special Seminar Project Officer." 7. A similar alert was held at Corpus Christi, at which Adm. Louis J. Kirn, Chief of Naval Air Advanced Training, sat on the platform. The main speaker was William P. Strube, Jr., who is said to be Texas leader for Dr. Fred C. Schwarz' Christian anticommunism crusade. (For a description of Dr. Schwarz' viewpoint and purposes, see the New York Times, May 21, 1961, p. 54.) 8. Dr. Fred C. Schwarz held a seminar at Headquarters 8th Naval District, New Orleans, which was endorsed by Rear Adm. W. G. Schindler, commandant. 9. A Houston freedom forum was held by Dr. Schwarz' organization at which Adm. F. W. Warder, now commandant, 8th Naval District, gave the keynote address. 10. The Atlanta Journal of Saturday, March 11, 1961, carried an account of a "Seminar on American Strategy" on March 10 and 11, which, it said, was sponsored by the U.S. 3d Army, the Institute for American Strategy and other State and local civic organizations. Apparently much stress was laid on the internal Communist threat. Frank McNamara, of the staff of the House Un-American Activities Committee, was a speaker. The article states: "Dr. Richard Walker, of the National War College, drew applause when he charged that Under Secretary of State Chester Bowles 'is doing a grave disservice to his country' by proposing that Red China be admitted to the United Nations." Dr. Joseph Possony, another National War College politicial scientist, spoke. Another Atlanta newspaper article said that another speaker was Dr. Frank R. Barnett, program director for the Institute for American Strategy, who “said there are no bomb-carrying Communists around any more, but propaganda favorable to communism is being retailed in American journals and from the pulpits *** by good people who have not done their homework. "It is within the capacity of the people in this room," he said "to literally turn the State of Georgia into a civilian war college." 11. According to the New York Times of Sunday, June 18, 1961, pages 1 and 56, a seminar labeled "Project Action" was held at the Naval Air Station, Minneapolis, on April 28 and 29, 11961. Capt. Robert T. Kieling, commanding officer of the station, was a cosponsor of the program. The Times says: "The official announcement described the program as follows: ""The purpose of Project Action is to inspire the citizens of this area to take an active part in the war against the danger that threatens our freedom and American way of life. ""The program of talks and presentations by nationally known leaders for the cause of democracy will bring to light facts and figures concerning the rising crime rate, juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, the general degredation of morals, the complacent attitude toward patriotism and the tremendous gains the Communist conspiracy is making in this country. *** ""The U.S. Naval Air Station is making facilities available for the seminar at the request of the Twin Cities Council for American Ideals. Out of local area participants are invited to take advantage of overnight accommodations on the air station.'” [From Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1961] (By Gene M. Lyons and Louis, Morton) "In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes."-President EISENHOWER, January 17, 1961. At a 2-day strategy seminar held in Chicago last September, Adm. Arthur W. Radford, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, called for "total victory over the Communist system-not stalemate," and warned that "the minute we become satisfied with the status quo, we have started down the road to defeat." This theme has, in fact, dominated a series of strategy seminars that have been held throughout the country during the past 2 years in New York, Cleveland, New Orleans, and Wilmington; in California, Massachusetts, Texas, and Washington, D.C. The chief force behind these meetings of businessmen, teachers, servicemen, and church leaders has been an organization called the Institute for American Strategy. The varied activities of the Institute for American Strategy to date have inIcluded the National Military-Industrial Conference held annually since 1955 in Chicago, and two strategy seminars for Reserve officers held at the National War College in the summers of 1959 and 1960. The annual conference is a cooperative effort undertaken by prominent business and military leaders, while the War College seminars have been held under the official auspices of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense. Most recently, the institute has sponsored the publication of a book called "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age," prepared by the Foreign Policy Research Institute of the University of Pennsylvania, and edited by two members of that group, Walter F. Hahn and John C. Neff. The book is described as a master curriculum for strategy seminars, and advertised as consisting largely of the lectures given at the first National War College seminar. It was used, in page proof, as a text for the 1960 course at the War College, and plans are being made for the widest distribution. Ten thousand copies have already been furnished by the institute to the National University Extension Association for distribution to public school libraries and debate groups throughout the country. THE CONCEPT OF PROTRACTED CONFLICT As a master curriculum for the seminars, "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age" offers insights into the general approach of the institute to the problems of national security. It is distinguished by two characteristics: first, a restatement of the concept of protracted conflict, which has been a basic theme in the work of the members of the Foreign Policy Research Institute; and, second, a call for militant action at every level of American society, public, and private, to meet the internal and external challenge of communism. It thus has a dual purpose: to develop the broadest possible support for one particular interpretation of the nature of the Communist threat, and to offer practical suggestions for citizen organization and action at the grassroots. The term, "protracted conflict," is used to describe the strategy of the Soviet Union in its struggle with the West. The ingredients, as developed by Robert Strausz-Hupé, director of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, are "the total objective, the carefully controlled methods, and the constant shifting of the battleground, weapons systems, and operational tactics for the purpose of confusing the opponent, keeping him off balance, and wearing down his resistance." Basic to the theme of protracted conflict is the assumption that there will be no change in Communist behavior and ultimate objectives that could possibly permit an acceptable accommodation with the West. While recognizing changes within and without the Soviet orbit, the proponents of protracted conflict see the ultimate objective of world domination as an immutable and dominant force in Communist strategy. Within the situation of thermonuclear stalemate, the Soviets can employ nonmilitary conflict techniques of subversion, propaganda, and economic imperialism. At the same time, the response of the United States has been chiefly developed in legal and military terms which cannot be employed with the same subtlety and safety. As a result, the Soviet Union has been able to nibble away with little risk to their own security, or of the possibility that the United States will use force to reply to ambiguous threats to its world position. A major objective of "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age" and, indeed, of all of the activities connected with the Institute for American Strategy, is to urge the development of aggressive nonmilitary techniques to combat and break down Communist ambitions-in effect, to encourage the United States to adopt the policies of protracted conflict. A PROGRAM OF DIRECT ACTION A detailed program of action is laid out at the end of "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age," by Frank R. Barnett, director of research for both the Institute for American Strategy and the Richardson Foundation, the philanthropic agency that has been a principal source of support for the institute and the Foreign Policy Research Institute. Barnett has been associated with a militant approach to the Communist threat since 1951, when his proposal for a foreign legion for refugees from communism was inserted in the Congressional Record. In his essay in "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age," he again advocates such a legion, as well as a separate Cabinet post and a joint congressional committee on cold war strategy, a career service in the propaganda and psychological warfare fields, and the establishment of a West Point of political warfare. The significance of "American Strategy for the Nuclear Age" lies in its analysis of the international situation and its appeal for direct action. To a very large extent, the theme depends on the particular estimate of Soviet intentions that is presented and the particular prophecy of the Communist future that is forecast. Several contributions stress the persistency, strength, and versatility of ideology in the evolution of Soviet communism but nowhere is there adequate treatment of the forces that limit Soviet policy, and thus limit the projection of its ideological motivation. There is ample evidence, for example, of instability in the Soviet leadership and of ideological differences between the Russian and their Chinese colleagues. The diverse effect of these forces is highly problematical, but they do suggest that Communist policy is far less monolithic than the concept of protracted conflict presumes. Indeed, like other major powers, the Soviet Union is also limited by external forces. Within the framework set by the editors of "American Strategy," however, any attempt to take advantage of these forces in order to insulate an area from his big |