of the following September, was signalized by the release of the state prisoners; the recall of several exiles from Siberia; the pardon of criminals; promotions in the army, the navy, and the civil service, and among the clerical new and advantageous regulations for the city of Moscow; and the better definition and confirmation of the titles of some of the noble families of that capital.

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His first care was to put an end to the war which then raged between Russia and England; and he for some length of time preserved peace both with England and France, and vainly endeavored to act as mediator between them, after the termination of the short peace of Amiens. In 1804, however, the murder of the duke D'Enghien by Bonaparte excited the indignation of the emperor, who, after presenting an energetic remonstrance by his ambassador, against a violation of the law of nations as arbitrary as it was public," withdrew his minister from Paris, and in 1805, signed a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, with England, Austria, and Sweden acting on which, Alexander hastened to lead his troops into Austria, where, however, he arrived only in time to see the capital fall into the hands of the French. He then retreated, together with the remnant of the Austrian army, to Berlin, where he resolved to await the French army; but on the defeat of the Austrians, at the battle of Austerlitz, he returned to St. Petersburg, leaving the greater part of his army on the frontiers of Germany. In 1806, being called upon by the court of Berlin, he again took up arms, but was again only in time to witness the triumph of

Bonaparte. In the spring of 1807, Alexander joined his army, which had retreated beyond the Vistula, and withstood the French with great bravery; but having been defeated in the battle of Friedland, he retreated beyond the Niemen, where he agreed to the preliminaries of the peace signed at Tilsit, July 8, 1807. In consequence, as is believed, of a secret article in that treaty, he declared war against England, and soon afterwards against Sweden, which latter war lasted two years, and ended in Sweden's ceding Finland to Russia. During the hostilities which still subsisted between France and England, he continued to side with the former power, and dismissed from his dominions all the German ministers and agents. But the time was arrived when he was to see how illjudged his friendship had been; and he was forced to defend himself in his own dominions, with no other ally than England, against Bonaparte, who led 560,000 choice troops against him, joined with those kings who had formerly been his allies, and whom he had formerly assisted. The Russians, however, on their evacuation of Moscow, by burning that city, destroyed the only means of subsistence the French could expect during the winter; and thence followed the terrible destruction of that vast army. The emperor Alexander now seemed animated with a spirit of vengeance against the invader of the Russian dominions. He pursued him with unrelenting vigor; he even published a description of his person, as if he had been a common felon. However, Bonaparte escaped in a single sledge, leaving his gallant army to perish in the snows; and so infa

tuated were the French, that they actually suffered him to levy new armies, and lead them into Germany, in 1813. By this time, however, the scene had wholly changed. On March 13, Alexander and the king of Prussia, proclaimed the dissolution of the confederacy of the Rhine, and declared their intention of assisting the Austrians. After having been worsted at the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, they agreed to an armistice; during which the Russians were joined by general Moreau, who, how ever, soon fell by a random shot before Dresden. After various success the great battle of Leipsic was fought October 16th, 17th, and 18th, which completed the deliverance of Germany. A short time before this battle, a general, who commanded a corps of artillery stationed at the imperial head-quarters, had incurred, on some trifling occasion, the serious displeasure of the emperor. His majesty very unceremoniously sent one of his aids-de-camp, with an order, that this officer should give up his command, repair, within twenty-four hours, to a village the distance of twenty or thirty miles, and take charge of a regiment stationed there. Surprise, indignation, and fury, were successively evinced by the general, but still he obeyed the mandate. He left head-quarters without a moment's loss of timearrived at his new designation examined it-reviewed the regiment-and immediately drove back to his former station. At a review of some troops the following morning, the emperor soon perceived him at the head of his corps. As tonishment and rage were depicted in the monarch's physiognomy, and he dispatched an aid-de-camp to

know what the general was doing there, and why he had left his new station, and dared to disobey his sovereign's orders? The general, who is a man of talents, of general information, and of unconquerable and sometimes ferocious spirit, with energy replied to the aid-de-camp, "Go back and tell his imperial majesty, that the present time is highly important, and that I feel anxious for the fate of Russia; tell him that henceforth I serve not Alexander, but my country; and that I am here, where I ought to be, at the head of my troops, ready to sacrifice my life in her cause." Such an uncontemplated and heroic answer, instead of rousing the furious passions of the mind, as might have been expected, were despotism really absolute, had a very opposite effect. The emperor seemed palsied, replied not a word, and was glad to hush the affair to sleep, lest the general's example should be too generally known, and become a precedent for the future for the officers of the autocrat army. Before the battle of Mont Martre, the general, who continued in his former command, had a station assigned him in the midst of danger, on purpose, it was supposed by some, that his head might be carried away by a cannon ball, and thus rid the emperor of a liberal minded and refractory officer. This gentleman, who fears no danger, rejoiced on the occasion, fought and conquered. It redounds to the credit of Alexander, that he called for the general on the field of battle, and bestowed upon him the cordon of St. George. Since that period, he has been employed on an important mission, and at this moment holds one of the highest and most responsible offices of the state.

In the beginning of 1814, the allied monarchs crossed the Rhine. On the 30th March, the allied army besieged Paris, and forced it to capitulate; and on the 31st, the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia entered it, amid the cries of Vive le Roi! Vivent les Bourbon! and Bonaparte soon signed his first abdication. On the landing of Louis XVIII., Alexander hastened to meet him, and conducted him to Paris, which he entered May 4. A treaty of peace was signed at Paris, May 30, 1814, and Alexander left France June 1, for London, where he was magnificently entertained by the prince regent at Guildhall. He returned to St. Petersburg July 25. On September 25, he entered Vienna, where he remained until the end of October. The ratification of the acts of the congress had been signed February 9, 1815. When the escape of Bonaparte from Elba changed the apparent security of Europe into confusion; great preparations had been made by the Russians, when the news of the battle of Waterloo put a stop to their motions. Alexander himself set out for Paris, where he arrived three days after the entry of Louis XVIII. From thence he proceeded to Brussels to view the field of Waterloo; and after a short stay, returned to St. Petersburg, which he entered amid universal acclamations.

The personal character of the late emperor was chiefly distinguished by great affability and condescension, which was carried to such a degree, as would have been wholly incompatible with his situation, if the government were of any other form than that of an absolute monarchy. Considering the disadvantages of his early life, he must

be regarded as one who had, as far as possible, overcome by natural goodness of temper, those evil habits which circumstances seemed to form for him; and whatever blame may be attached to his caprice, his artfulness, his inflexibility, his vanity, or his gallantry, he nevertheless had great merit; and, indeed, his very faults may be said to have been well suited to the part he was destined to sustain, and to the nation whom he governed. An enemy to the costly vanities of some of his predecessors, he regulated the expenses of his palaces with economy, and applied his treasures to the foundation of useful establishments, the promotion of useful public works, the equipment of his arsenals, and the augmentation of his army. Temperate, active, and indefatigable, he transacted the business of government through direct correspondence or personal superintendance; and, familiar with the statistics, topography, and interests of the various people inhabiting his extensive empire, he cherished the general prosperity by a polity adapted to the wants of each and all. The solicitude which he manifested for the good of his country, and his humanity, deserve the highest encomiums.

During the campaign, it cannot be questioned that Alexander was an example to his whole army. His exemplary endurance of privations, cold, hunger, and fatigue, served to animate his troops. His activity and solicitude were equally the theme of praise, while his affability and conciliatory manners gained him all hearts.

The simplicity of manners and mode of life of Alexander were very exemplary and praiseworthy. He slept upon a hard mattress, whether

in the palace or in the camp; he rose early, lived very moderately, was scarcely ever even merry with wine, employed much time in public af fairs, and was indefatigable in his labors. His chief amusement, if such it may be called, seemed to have been the organization and discipline of the army.

Having said thus much of the early life and of some public acts of Alexander's reign, we shall now notice his love affairs.

The unfortunate attachment of the Czar to Madame N, soon after his marriage, gave rise to the most serious differences between this monarch and his interesting consort. Madame N- -bore the autocrat several children; one of them, a female, lately died, when about to be married. Being the emperor's very picture, she naturally attracted the notice of the people as she traversed the streets, or the promenades of Petersburg. Her death overwhelmed the emperor with grief.

Madame N- was spouse of Le Grand Veneur, who either winked at his lady's infidelity, or was obliged to wink at it; for in the north, notwithstanding all the advance towards refinement, despotism, in some instances, maintains its ground, and acts as it wills, contrary to law, justice, humanity, and religion.

The lady just alluded to had a handsome establishment allowed her by his imperial majesty, and besides an excellent town-house near the residence, she had also a country-house in one of the islands formed by the branches of the Neva, and not far distant from the emperor's summer palace. There she and her illegitimate offspring gene

rally spent the fine season of the

year.

The empress had often in vain remonstrated with the emperor respecting his connection with Madame N, and she had frequently threatened to abandon her throne, and to retire to her relations in Germany. But the dowager empress, who really loved and pitied her imperial daughter-in-law, partly by caresses and entreaties, partly by prudential measures and persuasion, and partly by her disapproval of Alexander's conduct, and her severe remonstrances to her imperial son, succeeded in delaying her design.

Yet, however sincere might be his vows of amendment at the moment, the autocrat of all the Russias, like other mortals, found that the chains of love are not easily ruptured, and after a short absence and repentance, he returned to sin again. Such was the emperor's conduct for many years towards Madame N; and, as mentioned, the fruit of the intercourse was a young family.

The emperor also showed a decided predilection to some other females, and among the rest to the wives of two merchants.

From the open manifestation of his passion for a few females, and from his amorous constitution, it was inferred that Alexander had many secret intrigues besides with the beauties of the court, the theatres, and of the metropolis; and there is strong reason to presume that the inference was just.

In consequence of such conduct, it was very reasonable for the empress to be highly discontented. In the year 1814-15 she was in Germany; and it was reported that she had refused to return to Russia un

less the emperor would bind himself under a solemn oath, that he would banish Madame N- from the Russian empire and even after a deed to that effect was obtained, it required the persuasions and the cunning of the dowager empress to get her imperial majesty in motion for the northern metropolis.

Madame Nwas accordingly necessiated to leave Russia with her children. She went to France, and at present she resides at Paris. Since that event, it is stated that the emperor Alexander had shown his regret at the frolics of his youth by repentence, and the kindest conduct to his imperial consort, with whom he passed much time in his evenings.

The next heir to the throne of Russia in order of primogeniture, was the grand duke Constantine Cesarovitch, who was born May 8, 1779, and married Feb. 26, 1796, Julia, princess of Saxe Cobourg, sister to his royal highness the prince of Saxe Cobourg. This marriage was dissolved by an imperial Ukase, dated April 2, 1820, and the grand duke married, secondly, May 24, 1820, Jane, born countess of Grudzinska, and created princess of Lowicz.

Constantine, however, after being proclaimed, resigned his right to the throne in favor of the grand duke Nicholas, who has accordingly been proclaimed.

GENERAL For.

November 28.

Of an aneurism of the heart, at his residence in the Rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, Paris, aged 50, general Maximilian Sebastian Foy. For eight days the disorder had made rapid progress. Two of his

nephews, of the same name as himself, the one his aid-de-camp, and the other an advocate, did not quit his bed for a moment. "I feel," said he, in a dying tone, "a disor ganizing power that labors to destroy me. I fight with the giant, but cannot conquer him." He scarcely slept at all, and even sleep fatigued him. He did not deceive himself upon his approaching end, but looked death in the face as he did the enemy in the field. The nearer the fatal moment approached, the more did his kindness manifest itself to those around him. Wishing again to breathe the pure air, and see once more the light of the sun, his nephews carried him in a chair to the window, which was open; but feeling himself sinking, he said to them-" My good friends, put me upon the bed. God will do the rest."

These were his last words. Two minutes after his body rendered up to the Author of all things the great soul that it had received from him.

On opening the body after death, the heart was found twice as volu minous as in the natural state, soft, and gorged with coagulated blood, which it had no longer strength to put into circulation. Mirabeau, it will be recollected, according to the report of Cabanis, likewise sunk under a disease of the heart, augmented by the fatigue of the tribune, and the cares and anxieties inseparable from business.

This officer was educated for the bar, but on the breaking out of the revolution, he entered the artillery, in which he was rapidly promoted. From the first campaigns of the revolution, to the battle of Waterloo, he was in incessant action, and frequently distinguished himself. He was wounded in Moreau's re