APPROACHES REFLECTED BY DISARMAMENT AGENCY BILL Mr. KASTEN MEIER. Probably because the Eisenhower administration was faced with the practical problem of daily negotiations, its approach to filling the disarmament gap was to set up a group to coordinate the U.S. position within the State Department. Because the Democratic Advisory Council could step back from events and take a longer range view, its proposals were aimed more at the scientific and research aspects of the question. I would like to suggest that the President's Disarmament Agency bill reflects the fact that both of these approaches are necessary; negotiations without research cannot be firmly based and research without negotiations is relatively a fruitless undertaking. It seems to me that in the development of the U.S. Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security, we have brought together ideas from both the Republican and Democratic sides of the aisle. In doing so, we have sparked a new and original proposal which fuses two ideas and demonstrates the creative nature of bipartisan work in this most important aspect of foreign policy formulation. Though I believe the final outcome of our Disarmament Agency thinking is well represented by the bill written by Mr. McCloy for the President, I think the committee may be interested to know something about the legislative interest its forerunner-the original Peace Agency-received in the House. The father of this proposal in the House was Representative Charles Bennett of Florida. In early 1960 Congressman Bennett submitted a bill which followed the lines of the Democratic Advisory Council proposal. At about the same time, Senator Humphrey submitted a Senate version of the proposal. Within a month, then Senator Kennedy suggested that an Arms Control Institute be established. All of the proposals attempted to accomplish the same general objective of filling the disarmament research gap. FEATURES OF CONGRESSMAN KASTENMEIER'S PEACE AGENCY BILL My own involvement with the Peace Agency bill dates from February 18, 1960. On that date I introduced a Peace Agency bill of my own which was a modification of the Democratic Advisory Council's bill. I added these specific proposals to the early bill: 1. In the statement of purpose, I suggested that the ultimate goal must be disarmament, not merely arms limitations. 2. In the statement of functions, I added these research topics to be studied: (a) Means of controlling and eliminating chemical, biological, and radiological weapons. (b) Means of reducing tensions in political and economic fields. (c) The feasibility of a permanent U.N. armed force. 3. I suggested that the Laboratory for Peace be given authority for research by contract and fellowship as well as within an independent laboratory. 4. I suggested that a "Training Center for Peace" be established which could train personnel for control functions, et cetera. 5. My bill requires an annual report by the Director to the Congress. 6. My bill established an advisory council. 7. Finally, I spelled out that the Agency be authorized to cooperate with the United Nations. During the legislative year of 1960, support for this proposal grew within the House of Representatives. By January 1961 there were 20 cosponsors of National Peace Agency legislation. With the appointment of John J. McCloy, as the President's advisory on disarmament—and with firm indications that the administration was working on its own version of a Peace Agency bill; efforts to gain further support for the earlier bill ceased, pending Mr. McCloy's proposal. LETTER SENT TO THE PRESIDENT BY 30 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS In the period between January and June of this year the cosponsors of the Peace Agency bill were in close touch with Mr. McCloy and his staff. As the spring progressed, other cosponsors joined us and we attempted to make certain that the administration proposal would meet all of the earlier objectives of our own bill. An example of our activities during this period can be seen in a May letter 30 of us sent to the President. I also ask unanimous consent that a copy of this letter may be inserted in the record, Mr. Chairman. Senator HUMPHREY. Yes, indeed; it will be done. (The document referred to follows:) DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: The undersigned Congressmen have submitted bills which would establish a National Peace Agency to "apply technical, scientific, scholarly, and educational resources to the problems of promoting peace by eliminating or reducing the economic, political, and other causes of war, and of achieving peace through disarmament under international control and inspection." The Agency we propose would fulfill the promise of the Democratic platform and physically endorse the argument there made that it was essential to "muster the scientific ingenuity, coordination, continuity, and seriousness of purpose which are now lacking." In most respects the Agency would be similar to the Arms Control Institute which you proposed last year as a Senator. Central to the conception of your proposal and ours was the notion that to be effective a new Agency in this field must be broadly conceived. It must have resources and imagination to tackle three distinct problems: (1) It should mobilize intelligence and manpower to create new alternatives and new plans for reducing international tensions so as to facilitate disarmament. (2) It should give scientific backing to negotiations for test ban, arms control, and disarmament agreements. (3) It should make recommendations to insure that measures are taken to adjust the economy to changes in arms expenditures. We understand that proposals are being submitted to you for the establishment of an agency restricted to the more limited functions of providing research for test ban and disarmament negotiations. We urge that any agency to be established be broadly conceived and that it undertake research and make recommendations in each of the three areas above mentioned. In order that we may better explain our conception of how to implement the broad concept embodied in our bill and yours, we respectfully request that we be granted a short interview with you at your earliest convenience. Yours sincerely, Mr. KASTENMEIER. Basically, we wanted to be certain that the President's proposal did not restrict itself to the mere technical aspects of disarmament controls. We hoped it would consider more longrun questions of the causes of international tensions and also the specific problem of working out ways to facilitate movement from an arms economy to a peace economy should disarmament be achieved. Our letter led to a very constructive meeting with the President. SPONSORS OF DISARMAMENT AGENCY BILL By the time the President submitted his proposal on June 29, 1961, the cosponsors of the Peace Agency bill were well pleased with the President's approach. We worked to make sure that the President's bill would receive wide cosponsorship and I am happy to report that 49 Members on both sides of the House aisle joined in sponsoring the U.S. Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security on the first day it was proposed in the House. Since then we have been joined by 8 others so that there are now a total of 57 House sponsors. Mr. Chairman, I ask permission to have inserted in the record at this point a list of cosponsors, together with a list of signers of the letter to President Kennedy on May 18, 1961. Senator HUMPHREY. Yes. (The documents referred to follow :) COSPONSORS OF THE DISARMAMENT AGENCY FOR WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY BILL 1. Morgan, Thomas E. 2. Kastenmeier, Robert W. 3. Halpern, Seymour 4. Multer, Abraham J. 5. Farbstein, Leonard 6. Moeller, Walter H. 7. Addonizio, Hugh J. 10. Friedel, Samuel N. 22. Rodino, Peter W., Jr. 29. Roosevelt, James 30. Daniels, Dominick V. 31. Toll, Herman 32. Zelenko, Herbert 33. Diggs, Charles C. 34. Zablocki, Clement J. 36. Hays, Wayne L. 37. McDowell, Harris B., Jr. 43. Moorhead, William S. 44. Reuss, Henry S. 53. Frelinghuysen, Peter, Jr. 54. Boland, Edward P. 55. Stafford, Robert T. LIST OF SIGNERS OF LETTER TO PRESIDENT KENNEDY ON MAY 18, 1961 COSPONSORS OF THE DISARMAMENT AGENCY FOR WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY BILL— Mr. KASTEN MEIER. Mr. Chairman, I began by pointing out that the original ideas for this bill came from two sources, Republican and Democratic. I suggested that the ideas have been fused so that the present proposal represents neither a mere negotiating center nor a far-removed research agency. Rather it will establish a full-scale agency charged with both tasks of negotiating and doing broadbased research for disarmament. Even more important than the source of the Disarmament Agency idea, however, is the fact that it has received broad bipartisan support. It is a sign of the spirit of this_bill_that_it_was drafted by leading Republican John McCloy for Democratic President Kennedy and has received the endorsement of former President Eisenhower. ENDORSEMENT OF POWERS PROPOSED FOR AGENCY Mr. Chairman, in your past discussions a number of questions have been raised as to the position and authority this new Agency. I believe this is as it should be. Although I agree that we should not give authority lightly, I strongly believe that this new Agency deserves the status Mr. McCloy and the President have proposed. The more I consider the matter, the more I believe that disarmament is not only one of the most important questions we must study, but it is truly unique field. An agency which must study a subject which ranges from seismology to space law, requires a full and independent research center. But beyond this and in the last analysis this is a research center with a unique function: it must also negotiate. I believe that its claim to semi-independent status stems from these twin functions. Because both of these are of vital national importance, the Agency requires the powers that are given to it in this bill. URGENT NEED FOR CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL OF DISARMAMENT AGENCY LEGISLATION I am convinced that there is broad interest and urgent need for this legislation. We in the House who have supported the bill will do all in our power to insure its passage in this session of Congress. For myself, I would like to urge committee approval and speedy passage of this legislation so that we can be solidly prepared for disarmament talks and debates this fall. I believe that the establishment of this Agency this fall would dramatize for all the world the fact that we are seriously interested in disarmament and peace. Mr. Chairman, for many years we have been spending billions of dollars to design and implement strategies of war. I hope the committee will agree that in this age of nuclear terror it is high time we began to spend a small fraction of this amount on strategies of peace. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Senator HUMPHREY. Congressman Kastenmeier, we want to thank you for your splendid presentation. May I respectfully request that we urge prompt hearings upon the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House. I have written to the chairman because it is my belief, too, that we should pass the proposed legislation in this session of Congress. Thank you very much. Our next witness is Mr. James J. Wadsworth, formerly U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, and also our special representative in Geneva for almost 3 years to the talks relating to the cessation of nuclear weapons testing. He is a very dedicated public servant and, I might add, a gentleman I profoundly respect. I give you a good introduction, Mr. Wadsworth, because my admiration for you, as you know, is very sincere. I want publicly to express again the thanks I know are in the hearts of every American for the efforts that you have made as a representative of this country in diplomacy; particularly in the United Nations, and the field of disarmament, and the talks with the Soviets and the British in Geneva on the nuclear test problems. Your patience is exceeded only, may I say, by your ability. STATEMENT OF JAMES J. WADSWORTH, FORMER U.S. Mr. WADSWORTH. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for those very kind words, and also for the opportunity to spend a very few minutes in indicating my support for this legislation. I come before the committee not as an officer in any corporation or any organization that has specific axes to grind so far as this legislation is concerned, but as a private citizen with, as you have so generously indicated, considerable experience in the disarmament game. LACK OF CONTINUITY IN DISARMAMENT EFFORT I have believed for a long time that an agency of this kind is necessary. Speaking as one who has been on the negotiating side, somewhat similar to Ambassador Lodge, although, perhaps, in more specific cases such as the Geneva test ban talks, I have felt for a long |