better understanding of how the basic structure of a lasting peace may be established."

The value of this whole project might be enhanced intrinsically and its international relations impact magnified if in its final formulation there were more full and specific reference to the United Nations and its work in the various fields related to disarmament, and to the development in relation to the United Nations of international institutions for security, peaceful settlement, and just, orderly change.

"CONCLUSION"

In conclusion, we would commend all who have shared thus far in projecting such a proposal for more effective work and leadership by the United States in the field of disarmament. The depth and breadth of the conception of this undertaking is most heartening to many of us in the churches, since these dimensions accord so fully in so many ways with some of the best thinking we have been able to do and the needs we have sensed in the highly complicated and difficult constellation of issues related to disarmament.

In terms of support for such an undertaking among the people of our churches, I would report to you that there has already been widespread distribution of information about this proposal among our constituency across the Nation. In view of this subject being one of consistent concern among our churches over many years, and of its being one of three major priorities during the past 2 years, it is right to expect widespread support for such a proposal as this among our church people. Various discussions have been held with, and communications have gone out to, leaders in church work, including the responsible executives of constituent communions, councils of churches and the work of churchwomen. Communications on this have also gone out to approximately 1,000 councils of churches and 2,000 councils of churchwomen, across the 50 States of our Nation.

I would further pledge that, if there are other ways we can inform and inspire our people on these matters, we will seek to do so. It is clear that such a proposal as this could forward the highest goals of our Government and of our churches in international relations, seeking fuller freedom, justice, and order under law. Along with the technical aspects envisioned in this proposal, which are essential, and so desperately needed, the successful passage and implementation of such a proposal should contribute substantially to moral and spiritual leadership by the United States among other countries in the United Nations. Amid a torn and troubled world, mankind would most heartily welcome responsible developments which would reduce the dangers and burdens of armaments and would permit fuller satisfaction of mankind's aspirations for a more abundant life with larger liberty, justice, and peace.

POLICY BACKGROUND STATEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN THE U.S.A. RELATED TO DISARMAMENT ISSUES

"The National Council of Churches Views Its Task in Christian Life and Work," adopted by the General Board of the NCC, May 16, 1951.

The pronouncement of November 28, 1951, "International Regulations and Reduction of Armaments.”

The letters of the proposed U.S. delegation of the Ninth General Assembly of the United Nations and approved by the general board on November 28, 1951, September 16, 1953, and September 15, 1954. World Order Sunday message for October 23, 1955, "The Churches and the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations," approved by the general board, June 8-9, 1955.

"Some Hopes and Concerns of the Churches in the Nuclear-Space Age," adopted by the general assembly, December 5, 1957.

"The Churches' Concerns in Policies Related to the Control of Armaments and of the Use of Space," adopted by the general board, June 4, 1958.

A resolution on disarmament adopted by the general board, December 3, 1951.

A pronouncement, "Toward a Family of Nations Under GodAgenda of Action for Peace," adopted by the general board June 2, 1960, and a pronouncement, "The Churches and the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes," adopted by the general board June 2, 1960.

A resolution on "Christian Responsibility for World Community," adopted by the general assembly on December 4-9, 1960.

Senator HUMPHREY. Mrs. Pomerance. We are taking Mrs. Pomerance a little out of order here today because she has to travel.

STATEMENT OF MRS. JOSEPHINE W. POMERANCE, WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM, U.S. SECTION

Senator HUMPHREY. Do you have a statement?

Mrs. POMERANCE. Yes.

Senator HUMPHREY. Mrs. Pomerance, speaking for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, is very active, I may say, in a number of good organizations, including the Women's International League.

We welcome you.

Mrs. POMERANCE. I am representing the U.S. Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, for whom I am consultant on disarmament for the legislative and policy committees. In other capacities I hold positions with various organizations working in the foreign policy field. I appreciate this opportunity to testify on this important legislation which appears before this committee.

LEAGUE'S ENDORSEMENT OF S. 2180

The U.S. Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom wholeheartedly supports the proposal of President Kennedy to establish a U.S. Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security. We endorse with warm approval the pending legislation, S. 2180, introduced by Senator Humphrey and cosponsored by other Senators for this purpose.

It is, we think, one of the works of peace which will put us on the road to a system of general and enforceable disarmament, under the rule of law, an objective for which our organization has worked for

more than 40 years. This Agency would give added meaning to the foreign policy of the United States, since it would stand as a symbol to other countries of our sincere desire to achieve peace in the international community.

NEED FOR FORMULATION OF DISARMAMENT POLICY ON A CONTINUING BASIS

Disarmament is not a sometime thing. It is a method for survival in the nuclear age. It requires constant political research and analysis. Universal disarmament will always remain the goal, but disarmament plans and negotiating procedures, once devised, do not remain good for all time. We all know that the missiles of today have made the missiles of yesterday obsolete. So too, new ventures into the stellar regions will necessitate the extension of international law into outer space, making aspects of today's disarmament plans obsolete.

Similarly, developments among other nations vitally concerned with an arms control agreement can make new negotiating procedures necessary. This is one of the reasons why we need a disarmament agency—to formulate disarmament policy on a continuing basis.

NEED FOR DISARMAMENT STUDIES AND PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS

Nor is disarmament the exclusive province of diplomats and negotiators. Disarmament programs require constant technological research. Inspection and detection systems must constantly be revised and updated to keep pace with the weapons technology. Moreover, as opinion supporting world disarmament increases both here and abroad, it is essential to keep the public constantly informed of U.S. disarmament policy.

I would like to insert here. This morning there has been some historical review of the origins of this agency. It seems important to note that nongovernmental groups such as the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom have helped to create the climate of opinion which made Government action possible in this field.

These are additional reasons for such an agency-to establish adequate scientific studies and public information programs for U.S. disarmament plans.

PUTTING DISARMAMENT PROGRAM UNDER A CENTRAL ORGANIZATION

But even beyond these functions, the agency would, for the first time, put the disarmament program of the U.S. Government under a central organization having the chief responsibility in this field. The "crash" disarmament policies the United States often provisionally devised, would be a thing of the past. Our Government would no longer be subject to "hit or miss" programs, hurriedly developed, nor the interagency conflicts in policy which have characterized past U.S. disarmament efforts.

We would then have an agency with the power and top-level authority to coordinate the work of all Government departments concerned with disarmament matters. We would have a central organi

zation that would be under the personal direction of the Secretary of State and the President.

TIMING OF ESTABLISHMENT OF DISARMAMENT AGENCY

While it may seem incongruous to some to establish a "peace agency" during the current time of tension over the Berlin situation, there is, we think, much wisdom in the move. While today the prospects for agreement on measures of disarmament may not seem hopeful, the establishment of the agency would underscore the real goal of U.S. efforts.

As we have seen since the end of World War II, tensions come and go. In the past, when tensions have eased and there has been evidence that the Soviet Union was ready to negotiate seriously in the field of disarmament, the United States itself has too often lacked negotiable proposals of its own.

In fact, as the need to control the arms race has become increasingly urgent, there has been a succession of advisers, panels, committees, and commissions set up to piece together U.S. disarmament policies. The proposed U.S. Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security would, we think, erase these mistakes since it would insure that U.S. disarmament research and policy formulation would be continued regardless of political disputes and that the United States itself would be prepared to proceed on disarmament negotiations any time there is an opening.

FORMULATION OF OVERALL POLICY IN DISARMAMENT AREAS

Because we think that disarmament cannot be treated in a vacuum, apart from other aspects of U.S. foreign policy, we were particularly gratified to note in Mr. McCloy's letter to the President that the proposed agency "would participate in, or contribute to, the formulation of overall policy in areas importantly related to, or affecting disarmament." This would include, according to Mr. McCloy, decisions relating to the strengthening of the machinery for the maintenance of peace, and the procedures for peaceful settlement of disputes, in the United Nations and other international agencies.

In this connection we hope priority will be given to the measures needed to establish a permanent United Nations Police Force and to authorize the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.

In addition, the Agency, in its research program, will investigate the economic, political, legal, social, psychological, military, and technological factors related to the prevention of war with a view to a better understanding of how the basic structure of a lasting peace may be established.

RESEARCH PROVISIONS OF S. 2180

We particularly welcome the research provisions of the bill which provide for an investigation of the economic and political consequences of disarmament, including the problems of readjustment arising in industry and the reallocation of national resources.

There are, we think, highly important areas for investigation; the conclusions will help our Government to formulate the structure of

the warless world which must be our objective if we are to avoid a nuclear catastrophe. In fact, the President himself, in his message to the Congress, said that a disarmament program "should drive toward the creation of a peaceful world society in which disarmament, except for the forces needed to apply international sanctions, is the accepted condition of international life."

We welcome this opportunity to testify in favor of S. 2180, which, by establishing a U.S. Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security, would, for the first time, put the U.S. disarmament efforts on a permanent, continuing, planned basis.

Senator HUMPHREY. You want the resolution also included in your testimony?

Mrs. POMERANCE. Yes, thank you.

(The resolution follows:)

RESOLUTION RE UNITED STATES DISARMAMENT AGENCY FOR WORLD PEACE AND

SECURITY

The U.S. section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, at its annual meeting in St. Paul, Minn., June 26-30, 1961, notes with warm approval the announcement that you have recommended to the Congress the establishment of a new and enlarged Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security which will be responsible to you and will work in close cooperation with the Department of State and in liaison with Congress. The League urges that this Agency, through its research facilities, give priority to study of the organization of the United Nations in order to determine what changes may need to be made in the charter to make possible the development of world law and to facilitate the achievement of universal and total disarmament under United Nations control.

The League urges that any findings be submitted for widespread public discussion.

It asks further that special attention be given to the following possible developments for these ends:

(1) The establishment of compulsory jurisdiction of International Court of Justice;

(2) The establishment of a permanent police force of the UNEF type; (3) The enlargement and reallocation of representation in the Security Council and Economic and Social Council in view of the increase in member nations; (4) A system of voting in the Assembly which will reflect the different potentialities and responsibilities of the members; and

(5) An adequate system of financing the work of the United Nations.

NEED FOR CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST IN S. 2180

Senator HUMPHREY. May I suggest that, besides continuing in your open support of this proposal-and I know you have studied it very carefully, because we have discussed it privately and I regard your knowledge of these matters very highly-your respective chapters interest Members of Congress in action upon this particular proposal. And you might also want to speak to your local editors, your news people, since your organization has many chapters throughout the country. I know you are very active in the State of Minnesota and that you belong to the United Nations Association and other groups. Mrs. POMERANCE. We will do that.