integration of the individual stations into a worldwide network with consideration given to data processing requirements and procedures for developing system alarms. Project title: Time Dependent Light Scattering Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFTAC). Amount and duration of support: $46,000 (1 year). Date of contract: April 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: March 31, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to investigate theoretically the modification of a pulse of light traveling through a cloud layer and to make certain experimental observations necessary for confirmation of the theoretical calculations. Project title: Development of Photomultipliers Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFTAC). Name of organization: CBS Laboratories. Amount and duration of support: $42,337 (11 months). Date of contract: April 1961. Contract expiration date: February 24, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to develop a photocathode that is capable of operating with very high current emission densities and then to incorporate this photocathode into the design of a large diameter photomultiplier. Project title: EM Signals From Nuclear Detonations in Space Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFTAC). Name of organization: Republic Aviation. Amount and duration of support: $68,000 (18 months). Date of contract: May 25, 1961. Contract expiration date: November 25, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to obtain sound theoretical estimates of the power and spectral characteristics of electromagnetic radiations, other than the prompt thermal and gamma ray, resulting from detonations of thermonuclear devices in a field-free vacuum. Project title: Backscatter Antenna Design Study Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFTAC). Amount and duration of support: $57,166 (1 year). Date of contract: April 19, 1961. Contract expiration date: April 18, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to design a prototype antenna system suitable for use with a backscatter technique for detection of nuclear explosions. All antenna systems and techniques known to the art will be studied to determine what type of antenna should be used with a backscatter detection station. A model or models will be constructed and antenna characteristics measured experimentally. Specifications for a fullscale prototype antenna system are to be prepared. Project title: Geomagnetic and Magnetohydrodynamic Work Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via USASRDL). Name of organization: U.S. Army Signal R. & D. Laboratories (Task 1); New York University (Task II). Amount and duration of support: $38,212 (2 years). Date of contract: October 20, 1961. Contract expiration date: October 20, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to determine the feasibility of detecting high altitude nuclear tests by means of the effects of such detonations on the magnetic field and/or surface electrical currents of the earth. Work under task I involves conducting a house study of: The relevant theoretical and experimental information; Possible instrumentation; and An assessment of capability for the detection of nuclear tests by these methods. Work under task II involves conducting a theoretical study of the generation and propagation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in the magnetic field of the Project title: VLF Propagation Effects Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via BuShips). Contract expiration date: June 30, 1961. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to explore the feasibility of detecting high altitude nuclear tests by means of their effect on the phase stability of very low frequency radio waves. Work under task I involves the development of instruments necessary to monitor existing phase stable VLF transmitters. These instruments should be capable of resolving changes of phase which occur in about 1 second. Work under task II involves the operation of the above instruments to obtain experimental information on short term VLF phase stability. Work under task III involves the analysis of the resulting records with specific reference to the type of perturbations expected from a high altitude test and determine the feasibility of this method of detection. Project title: Abnormal Ionospheric Behavior Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via NBS). -). Name of organization: Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (NBS). Brief summary of the project; The objective of this project is to conduct a broad and comprehensive study of abnormal ionospheric behavior resulting from enhancements in ionizing radiations from solar flares, and from the similar radiations expected from high altitude nuclear detonations, leading to an increased understanding of the phenomenology involved, and an understanding of the requirements for methods of detecting high altitude nuclear detonations. Work under task I involves the construction and operation of the necessary equipment to observe changes in the phase and amplitude of VLF, MF, and HF radio waves associated with sudden ionospheric disturbances. Task II involves the design, construction, and operation of improved riometers, employing the principle of polarization adversity. Task III involves the design and construction of the necessary optical equipment and the initiation of a research program on the intensity fluctuations of discrete spectral lines in the night sky correlated with radio star scintillations. In addition, necessary theoretical studies will be conducted to interpret the results of measurements with reference to the detection of nuclear detonations. Project title: Earth Current and Magnetic Field Measurements Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via ONR). Name of organization: University of Texas. Amount and duration of support: $54,000 (13 months). Date of contract: April 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: May 31, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The objective of this project is to determine the relationship between fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field and the natural earth currents in the frequency range around 1 cycle per second. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNDER THE VELA HOTEL PROGRAM Project title: Technical Direction and Systems Engineering Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFSC). Name of organization: Aerospace Corp. Amount and duration of support: $358,000 (up to present). Date of contract: October 1, 1959. Contract expiration date: Continuing. Brief summary of the project: Technical direction and systems engineering for the VELA HOTEL satellite and piggyback flights is being provided under this contract by the Aerospace Corp. (formally STL). Project title: Piggyback Experiments Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AEC). Date of contract: May 1, 1960. Contract expiration date: June 30, 1962. Brief summary of the project: Piggyback instrumentation is being provided for six DOD satellites to be launched into 100 to 300 kilometer orbits. Radiation backgrounds of special interest to the VELA HOTEL program are to be measured. Project title: Piggyback Systems Integration Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFSC). Name of organization: Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Amount and duration of support: $485,000 (11⁄2 years). Date of contract: April 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: June 30, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The integration of the LRL instrument package into the launch vehicle will be performed by Lockheed under this contract. In addition, Lockheed will reduce the telemetry data and make it available to LRL for analysis. Project title: Environmental Test Satellite (ARENTS) Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via OSD). Contract expiration date: December 30, 1963. Brief summary of the project: Three ARPA environmental test satellites (ARENTS) are being constructed for measuring the radiation background and the performance of components at an altitude of about 22,000 miles. The results will be of special interest to the VELA HOTEL program. Project title: Prelaunch Inspection Studies Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFSC). Name of organization: Bendix Systems Division. Amount and duration of support: $47,000 (6 months). Date of contract: August 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: January 31, 1962. Brief summary of the project: The feasibility of prelaunch inspection of space vehicles for nuclear weapons will be investigated by Bendix. Project title: Radiofrequency Pulse Detection Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via AFCRL). Name of organization: Harvard College Observatory. Amount and duration of support: $173,000 (about 3 years). Date of contract: April 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: Continuing. Brief summary of the project: Radiofrequency receiver packages will be constructed which are to be flown on the ARENTS satellites. In addition, the data obtained will be analyzed with reference to the capability of this equipment to detect nuclear detonations in space. Project title: Prelaunch Inspection Studies Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via OSD). Name of organization: Naval Research Laboratory. Amount and duration of support: $25,000 (indefinite period). Date of contract: April 1, 1961. Contract expiration date: Continuing. Brief summary of the project: NRL will furnish consultants to the prelaunch inspection study sponsored by ARPA. Project title: Operations Analysis Name of sponsoring Federal agency: ARPA (via OSD). Name of organization: Rand Corp. Amount and duration of support, date of contract: This continuing contract is funded as needed. Contract expiration date: Continuing. Brief summary of the project: Operations analysis is being performed under this contract of different factors affecting the VELA HOTEL program, such as, systems effectiveness against a determined test ban violator. APPENDIX B STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE WILLIAM FITTS RYAN, 20TH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, NEW YORK A DISARMANENT AGENCY FOR PEACE AND SECURITY This is the age of the perilous peace. Although I suppose that most of us thought that World War II would be followed by a protracted era of warmth and cooperation, what we have actually experienced is the onrush of revolutionary change, taking place against the backdrop of the unrelenting struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The cold war has indeed grown bitter, bitter cold, and chills the marrow of mankind's hopes for peace much as a winter's day can sometimes chill the marrow of our bones. Yet as long as the cold temperature has not been transformed into the fiery blasts of thermonuclear conflict there is still reason to hope. More than that, there is an obligation incumbent on every one of us to join actively in the search for way and means out of the current impasse. That is why I am pleased and proud to sponsor H.R. 7959, one of the bills to set up a Disarmament Agency for World Peace and Security. This is a positive step to institutionalize and foster the search for peace. As far as I know, the United States will be the only nation in the world, if this bill is adopted, to have a Government Agency devoting its entire effort to the problem of arms limitation and control. We will be able to let the peoples of the world know that in the words of Franklin Roosevelt, "America actively engages in the search for peace." The burden of proof, as far as sincerity is concerned, will be put on the Soviet Union. But it will be asked, "Why a Disarmament Agency, specifically? Don't we have Government bureaus already engaged in such work? Why take disarmament planning out of the State Department, when it must be considered as part of our total foreign policy?" It is true, of course, that there has been a Disarmament Administration within the State Department, and that within the Pentagon the Office of the Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs is concerned with the technical side of disarmament. The Atomic Energy Commission has had to be consulted as well. I don't believe that it is any disparagement of the personnel of these agencies, or of the manner in which they have functioned, to point out that the effort has been small, that there has been a problem of coordination, and that the fragmentation of activities has resulted in a lack of sufficient status within the Government or influence on the centers of policymaking. I think it is undeniable that a single Disarmament Agency will occupy a higher place in the councils of Government than its predecessors. I hope, and believe, that it will get a great deal more money. Its Director will have direct access to the President, for as John McCloy has said, "Disarmament considerations are so all pervasive in scope and importance that the President must concern himself with these matters on a continuing basis." But the Director of the new Agency will report to the Secretary of State, which is a recognition that disarmament matters are, after all, a part of the total fabric of foreign policy. The point is that the level of interest is raised, and access is opened to pinnacles of policymaking. It is high time that we take such action. Too often, over the years, we have gone into disarmament conferences ill prepared, or too hastily prepared. Groups have been set up to prepare policy positions on a crash basis. A review of the various conferences dealing with different phases of disarmament which have been held in the past half dozen years indicates that more than once our delegations went to the conference table without adequate preparation, and certainly without the assistance of any Government agency engaged in the intense and comprehesive research necessary for the formulation of sound policy in this most complex area. Nor is it any answer to point out that the Russians, too, have on occasion shown an equal lack of preparation. We ought not to repeat the mistakes of our adversaries, especially when their lack of preparation reveals lack of basic sincerity in expressions of intent to disarm. In a nation that prides itself on its efficiency there is really no excuse for part-time, disparate effort on a subject of such vital importance. As the report of the National Planning Association, "Strengthening the Government for Arms Control," put it, “The ability to distinguish between valid offers and propaganda moves, and to frame acceptances, rejections, rejoinders, and counterproposals is not easily come by. It requires familiarity with military strategy, technology, and weapons development, as well as with foreign policy, world politics, and science. Clearly this is worth the full-time attention of a staff of highly trained specialists of many different backgrounds, the frequent counsel of experts in all phases of Government policy, and the continuous interest of the highest officers of Government." The proposed Agency would be headed by a director, who would serve as the President's principal adviser on disarmament matters. Appropriate divisions and offices would be set up within the Agency to cover a wide variety of subjects. Indeed, the categories into which the new Agency will be authorized to conduct research illustrate the sweeping range of problems which any comprehensive inquiry into disarmament policy must cover. For example, there is the question of detecting, identifying, and inspecting armed forces and armaments, before their reduction or control can actually be accomplished. Systems for monitoring nuclear and thermonuclear blasts have to be developed and perfected. Missile firings must be monitored. Chemical and bacteriological weapons have to be identified. Systems of control have to be developed, so that space may not be used for military purposes, and this applies to those areas beneath the surfaces of land and sea as well. The many situations which might give rise to accidental war have to be specified, and systems elaborated for preventing their Occurrence. "Fail safe" procedures, in the event that bombers are actually launched erroneously, have to be continuously perfected. Methods of communication between nations have to be improved. The training of those scientists and technicians who would man the control systems, if and when international disarmament agreements should be negotiated, have to be planned. So much for the scientific or technical side of disarmament. On the political and economic side, of course, we find a multitude of problems. The Disarmament Agency will have to do a tremendous amount of economic research, analyzing national budgets, determining the amounts of money and percentages of their incomes that various countries spend for arms. The economic consequences, and even the social consequences of disarmament, right here at home, where after all a considerable proportion of our industry is tied to defense expenditures, needs analysis. The interrelationships of disarmament and our national security need the closest scrutiny, and since this applies to a variety of situations and commitments, our total foreign policy comes into the picture. In point of fact, virtually every significant question of international politics impinges upon, or is affected by, what we do with respect to disarmament. It is here that the Disarmament Agency could play perhaps its most important role. The arms race may be a prime source of tension in the world, but it is supplemented and exacerbated by the whole complex of problems of a world in the process of transition. The ideological struggle, the almost neurotic nationalism of some nations emerging from a long period of colonial tutelage, the demands of the world's hungry millions for a better life, these would create enough tensions for an ordinary lifetime without the continuing threat of nuclear annihilation. Whatever new facts might be brought to light, whatever hypotheses might be stimulated by the Disarmament Agency as a result of its investigation of these areas, would be all to the good. It would be a positive contribution to the reduction of those tensions upon which the arms race feeds, and which it feeds in turn. Too infrequently, it seems to me, have we been concerned with the reduction of tensions. Rather we have tended to concentrate on thwarting our Communist rivals. The very focus of the Disarmament Agency's activities would shift this emphasis. To revert for a moment to the economic field, I think that the Disarmament Agency would be most useful here as well. Fear of the economic dislocations that might be caused by disarmament has been, I think, a subtle but nonetheless important factor impeding progress in this field. At one time in 1959 the New York Times spoke of "peace jitters" unfavorably affecting the stock market. It's a pretty sad state of affairs when one sees that kind of a commentary, but it points up the very real impact of defense spending on the economy. In fact our defense spending is a prime item supporting the economy of some other countries, through our bases, our purchase of military supplies, and payments to our soldiers. There is also the item of defense support, which is a part of our military aid programs abroad, and our purchase of raw materials for the manufacture of armaments. Thus, any substantial progress toward disarmament would bring with it the problem of maintaining adequate demand, so that production and employment |