The Muslim World: The age of the Caliphs

10th century Abbasid Abd al-Raḥmān Abū al-Din al-Ma'mun al-Malik al-Muqtadir al-Mutawakkil Alid Almoravides ancient Arab tribes Arabia Arabs aristocracy army Arslan Asia Minor Baghdad battle became Beduin Berbers brother Byzantine Caliph Central Asia Christian civilization conquest Crusade cultural Damascus death dihqāns doctrinal dynasty East Roman empire eastern Egypt faith Fārs Fățimid Fatimids fighting followers forces formed hands Hishām Histoire Imām important influence inhabitants Iran Iranian Islām Islāmic Ismailite Jerusalem Jewish Jews Khārijites Khurāsān l'Islam lands later Leiden Leipzig Madinah Makkans Mesopotamia military Mongol movement Mu'awiyah Muḥammad murdered Muslim Muslim World musulmane North Africa Palestine Paris Persian political population princes Prophet province Qara-Khānids Qara-Khitai Qur'an régime reign religion religious revelations rule ruler Saljuqs Sāmānids Shi'ite social soon southern Mesopotamia Spain Spanish SPULER struggle successor Sunnite Syria territories theology took traditions Transoxiana tribal Turkish Turks Umar Umayyad vols wazir Western Zaydites Zoroastrian