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ARTICLE 26-NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATION

If any Member of the Organisation ceases to fulfill its obligations under the present Convention, it shall be invited to conform to the provisions of the Convention. If the said Member should not so conform within the period indicated in the invitation, the other Members may decide, by mutual agreement, to continue their co-operation within the Organisation without that Member.

ARTICLE 27-WITHDRAWAL

Any of the Contracting Parties may terminate the application of the present Convention to itself by giving twelve months' notice to that effect to the Government of the French Republic.

ARTICLE 28 COMMUNICATION OF RATIFICATION.

WITHDRAWALS

ACCESSIONS AND

Upon the receipt of any instrument of ratification or accession, or of any notice of withdrawal, the Government of the French Republic shall give notice thereof to all the Contracting Parties and to the Secretary-General of the Organisation.

ANNEX

ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

Provisions concerning the functions of the Secretary-General additional to those specified in Article 17 are set out below:

(1) He may submit proposals to the Council and to the Executive Committee.

(2) He shall provide, in agreement with the Chairmen of the technical committees, for these committees to be convened as required and for the necessary secretarial arrangements. He shall transmit to them, as necessary, the instructions of the Council and of the Executive Committee.

(3) He shall follow the work of the other bodies referred to in Article 15 (c) and transmit to them, as necessary, the instructions of the Council and of the Executive Committee.

(4) He shall, having regard to the provisions of Article 20 and in accordance with the instructions of the Council and the Executive Committee, make the necessary arrangements for liaison with other International Organisations.

(5) He shall exercise all such other functions necessary for the efficient administration of the Organisation as may be entrusted to him by the Council or by the Executive Committee.

In faith whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed the present Convention and have affixed thereto their Seals.

Done in Paris this Sixteenth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Forty Eight, in the English and French languages, both texts being

equally authentic, in a single copy which shall remain deposited in the Archives of the Government of the French Republic, by which certified copies will be communicated to all the other signatories.

RESOLUTION 1 ON THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

The Committee of European Economic Cooperation:

CONSIDERING that the Organisation which is to be set up by the Convention for European Economic Co-operation will be entrusted with the functions specified in Article 12 of that Convention;

AND CONSIDERING it desirable to define the tasks of the Organisation, within the framework of these functions;

RECOMMENDS that the Organisation should in particular assume the following tasks to the fullest extent possible:

(1) to prepare as often as necessary, on the basis of and after examination of national estimates or programmes, such general production, import and export programmes as appear necessary to further the objects of the Convention;

(2) to consider, in the light of national estimates or programmes of development submitted by the Contracting Parties, the best use of productive capacity and manpower to further the objects of the Convention within both their metropolitan and overseas territories, and the measures necessary to achieve these ends;

(3) to promote consultation between the countries concerned, to consider the measures and create the machinery necessary for European economic co-operation especially in matters of trade, international payments and movement of labour;

(4) to investigate, wherever necessary, methods of coordinating the purchasing policies of Members;

(5) to assist Members, at their request, to surmount difficulties incurred in the execution of the European recovery programme;

(6) to make recommendations, as may be appropriate, to the United States Government and, as need be, to other Governments or International Organisations, on the allocation of commodities among the Members, having due regard to the allocating functions of other International Organisations;

(7) to ensure the most efficient use of external aid and to contribute towards ensuring the most efficient use of indigenous

resources;

(8) to prepare as often as necessary reports on the execution of the European recovery programme and the use of external aid;

(9) to collect all such information as may facilitate the accomplishment of the tasks of the Organisation, having regard to Article 9 of the Convention.

RESOLUTION 2 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ORGANISATION AND THE UNITED STATES SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE

The Committee of European Economic Cooperation:

RECOMMENDS that the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation should make all such arrangements as may be appropriate to maintain close relationships with the United States Special Representative in Europe appointed in accordance with the United States Economic Co-operation Act of 1948, and to assist him in the performance of his duties.

18. SENATE RESOLUTION 239 (80TH CONG., 2D SESS.) REAFFIRMING THE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES TO ACHIEVE INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS AND INDICATING CERTAIN OBJECTIVES TO BE PURSUED

(A)

[On June 11, 1948, the Senate by a vote of 64 to 4 adopted the socalled Vandenberg resolution, or Šenate Resolution 239. This resolution had been unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on May 19.]

TEXT OF THE RESOLUTION

Whereas peace with justice and the defense of human rights and fundamental freedoms require international cooperation through more effective use of the United Nations: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the Senate reaffirm the policy of the United States to achieve international peace and security through the United Nations so that armed force shall not be used except in the common interest, and that the President be advised of the sense of the Senate that this Government, by constitutional process, should particularly pursue the following objectives within the United Nations Charter:

(1) Voluntary agreement to remove the veto from all questions involving pacific settlements of international disputes and situations, and from the admission of new members.

(2) Progressive development of regional and other collective arrangements for individual and collective self-defense in accordance with the purposes, principles, and provisions of the Charter.

(3) Association of the United States, by constitutional process, with such regional and other collective arrangements as are based on continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, and as affect its national security.

(4) Contributing to the maintenance of peace by making clear its determination to exercise the right of individual or collective selfdefense under article 51 should any armed attack occur affecting its national security.

(5) Maximum efforts to obtain agreements to provide the United Nations with armed forces as provided by the Charter, and to obtain. agreement among member nations upon universal regulation and

reduction of armaments under adequate and dependable guaranty against violation.

(6) If necessary, after adequate effort toward strengthening the United Nations, review of the Charter at an appropriate time by a General Conference called under article 109 or by the General Assembly.

EXTRACTS FROM COMMITTEE REPORT

[The following passages from the committee report give the background of the resolution and reflect generally the committee's point of view with respect to the problem.]

3. BACKGROUND OF THE RESOLUTION

The unfavorable trend of postwar developments, both within and without the United Nations, has caused concern to peace-loving people everywhere who place their hopes in the United Nations as the major international instrument for a free and prosperous world. Millions of people are concerned at the delay in reaching peace settlements. They are concerned over the present inability of the United Nations to assure international peace and security. They are troubled by the excessive use of the veto and failure to reach agreement upon the provision of armed forces for the Security Council or upon control of atomic energy and regulation of conventional armaments.

The present sense of insecurity in many parts of the world retards and hampers the efforts which the United States is already making to promote international economic recovery. It is clear that the security aspects of world economic recovery cannot be ignored. The people of the world look to the United States, as the strongest free nation, for leadership in making the United Nations an effective instrument for the preservation of peace and security.

On

The sincere concern of the American people has led to the introduction in the Senate of a number of resolutions which aspire to reform the United Nations Charter, or to chart a course for United States foreign policy through the United Nations. During the past 2 months the committee has given particular attention to these problems. April 9, 13, 14, 20, May 11, 12, and 19 the committee had before it Senate Concurrent Resolutions 10, 12, 23, 24, 47, 50; Senate Joint Resolution 212; and Senate Resolution 239. On May 11 the chairman presented to the committee a working paper which had been developed with the cooperation of the State Department after a considerable period of study. The committee then proceeded to consider the resolution in executive session with the benefit of full information from the Department of State concerning its experience in carrying out United States foreign policy through the United Nations and concerning recent political developments in the international situation.

On May 19, after a thorough canvass of the issues involved, the committee unanimously approved Senate Resolution 239, which seeks to focus these aspirations on the most constructive measures which it considers practicable at this time.

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6. REGIONAL AND OTHER DEFENSE ARRANGEMENTS

In recommending the progressive development of regional and other collective arrangements, the resolution is based squarely on the Charter.

The Charter envisages, in article 52, the existence of "regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action." Such arrangements must be consistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter. The first purpose of the Charter, as stated in article 1, is "to maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression." The Charter also states, in article 51, that "nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security."

When the Charter was being drafted, the United States delegation, having in mind the important role of the inter-American system in safeguarding the Americas from aggression, took a leading part in framing these articles. It was convinced that the world organization would be greatly strengthened by enlisting, within its over-all supervision, the dynamic resources of such regional groups as the American Republics. In recognition of the fact that community of ideals and interests can effectively link nations not in the same geographic area, article 51 was framed to provide for collective self-defense without regard to geographic proximity of the states concerned.

The committee is convinced that, until the United Nations has been strengthened sufficiently to assure universal security, the best means of reinforcing the security of individual members lies in progressive development of such regional and other collective defense arrangements. These relatively unexplored resources of the Charter should be further explored and developed as rapidly as practicable.

Some progress is already being made. Under the treaty of Rio de Janeiro the inter-American system is being consolidated into a concrete regional arrangement based on the purposes and principles of the Charter. That treaty was ratified by the United States on December 19, 1947. A similar arrangement is being established under the Five Power Treaty signed at Brussels on March 17, 1948. By that treaty Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg are constructing a regional arrangement also based upon the purposes and principles of the Charter and upon self-help and mutual aid.

These defense arrangements are openly entered into with the full and free consent of their sovereign members to meet their individual and common security needs and to fulfill their Charter obligations. They are not to be confused with military alliances. They are directed against no one. They are directed solely against aggression.

7. UNITED STATES ASSOCIATION WITH SUCH ARRANGEMENTS

The committee believes that association of the United States with such regional or other collective arrangements as affect its national

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