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PART 3. THE SOVIET TREATIES OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND OTHER GOVERNMENTS; ALSO THE SOVIET OFFICIAL POSITION ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

21. TREATIES OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND OTHER GOVERNMENTS

(A)

STAFF NOTE

[Since 1942 the Soviet Union has entered into a number of treaties of mutual assistance, collaboration, cooperation, and alliance, which blanket all eastern and southeastern Europe with the exceptions of Greece and Turkey. Although for the sake of completeness it is necessary to take cognizance of the Anglo-Soviet alliance of May 26, 1942, the Franco-Soviet alliance of December 10, 1944, and the Sino-Soviet alliance of August 14, 1945, these pacts were not strictly part of the Soviet system because they were directed against the Axis Powers in the Second World War. Therefore they fell outside the spirit and purposes of the present Soviet treaties, which have for their objectives the oft publicized defending of the so-called "people's democracies" against a resurgent Germany or a third power, the reinforcement of Slav solidarity, and the "promotion of * * * the Soviet Union and the people's democracies."

Strictly speaking the present Soviet treaty system was inaugurated in 1943, with the Soviet-Czechoslovak pact. From 1942 to date these Soviet treaties have been the following.

Anglo-Soviet (May 26, 1942)

Soviet-Czechoslovak (December 12, 1943)

Franco-Soviet (December 10, 1944)

Soviet-Yugoslav (April 11, 1945)

Soviet-Polish (April 21, 1945)

Sino-Soviet (August 14, 1945)

Soviet-Roumanian (February 4, 1948)

Soviet-Hungarian (February 18, 1948)

Soviet-Bulgarian (March 18, 1948)

Soviet-Finnish (April 6, 1948)

In addition to these treaties between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and her European neighbors, there are also a number of similar treaties among the same neighboring states. While the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is not a party to these latter treaties they constitute an integral part of the Soviet system. They are:

Yugoslav-Polish (March 18, 1946)
Yugoslav-Czechoslovak (May 9, 1946)

Yugoslav-Albanian (July 9, 1946)

Czechoslovak-Polish (March 10, 1947)

Yugoslav-Bulgarian (November 27, 1947)

Yugoslav-Hungarian (December 8, 1947)

Bulgarian-Albanian (December 16, 1947)

Yugoslav-Rumanian (December 19, 1947)
Bulgarian-Rumanian (January 16, 1948)
Hungarian-Rumanian (January 24, 1948)
Bulgarian-Czechoslovak (April 23, 1948)
Polish-Bulgarian (May 29, 1948)
Polish-Rumanian (January 26, 1949)

From this list it will be seen that although there is not at the present moment any treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Albania, the latter is effectively tied into the Soviet system. through her treaties with the other neighbors of the Soviet system. Selected from these pacts as illustrative are: (1) the Anglo-Soviet treaty as an example of the three pacts which were directed primarily at the defeat of the Axis Powers, but which the Soviet Union regards as a block to the participation of Britain and France in a North Atlantic Pact; (2) the Soviet-Czechoslovak alliance, since it was the first link in the present Soviet system; (3) the Soviet-Bulgarian treaty as an example of the most recent version of these pacts; (4) the SovietFinnish treaty as a departure from the general pattern; and (5) the Polish-Bulgarian treaty as typical of the agreements to which the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is not a party.]

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(B)

SELECTED TREATIES

(1)

TREATY OF ALLIANCE IN THE WAR AGAINST HITLERITE GERMANY AND HER ASSOCIATES IN EUROPE AND OF COLLABORATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE THEREAFTER CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

His majesty The King of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;

Desiring to confirm the stipulations of the Agreement between His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for joint action in the war against Germany, signed at Moscow on the 12th July, 1941, and to replace them by a formal treaty;

Desiring to contribute after the war to the maintenance of peace and to the prevention of further aggression by Germany or the States associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe; Desiring, moreover, to give expression to their intention to collaborate closely with one another as well as with the other United Nations at the peace settlement and during the ensuing period of reconstruction on the basis of the principles enunciated in the declaration made on the 14th August, 1941 by the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain to which the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has adhered;

Desiring, finally, to provide for mutual assistance in the event of an attack upon either High Contracting Party by Germany or any of the States associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe.

Have decided to conclude a treaty for that purpose and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:

His Majesty The King of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British
Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India,

For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
The Right Honourable Anthony Eden, M. P., His Majesty's
Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;

The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics:

M. Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, People's Commissar
for Foreign Affairs,

Who, having communicated their Full Powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows:

PART I

ARTICLE I

In virtue of the alliance established between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the High Contracting Parties mutually undertake to afford one another military and other assistance and support of all kinds in the war against Germany and all those States which are associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe.

ARTICLE II

The High Contracting Parties undertake not to enter into any negotiations with the Hitlerite Government or any other Government in Germany that does not clearly renounce all aggressive intentions, and not to negotiate or conclude except by mutual consent any armistice or peace treaty with Germany or any other State associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe.

PART II

ARTICLE III

(1) The High Contracting Parties declare their desire to unite with other like-minded States in adopting proposals for common action to preserve peace and resist aggression in the post-war period.

(2) Pending the adoption of such proposals, they will after the termination of hostilities take all the measures in their power to render impossible a repetition of aggression and violation of the peace by Germany or any of the States associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe.

ARTICLE IV

Should one of the High Contracting Parties during the post-war period become involved in hostilities with Germany or any of the States mentioned in Article III (2) in consequence of an attack by that State against that Party, the other High Contracting Party will at once give to the Contracting Party so involved in hostilities all the military and other support and assistance in his power.

This Article shall remain in force until the High Contracting Parties, by mutual agreement, shall recognise that it is superseded by

the adoption of the proposals contemplated in Article III (1). In default of the adoption of such proposals, it shall remain in force for a period of twenty years, and thereafter until terminated by either High Contracting Party, as provided in Article VIII.

ARTICLE V

The High Contracting Parties, having regard to the interests of the security of each of them, agree to work together in close and friendly collaboration after the reestablishment of peace for the organisation of security and economic prosperity in Europe. They will take into account the interests of the United Nations in these objects, and they will act in accordance with the two principles of not seeking territorial aggrandisement for themselves and of non-interference in the internal affairs of other States.

ARTICLE VI

The High Contracting Parties agree to render one another all possible economic assistance after the war.

ARTICLE VII

Each High Contracting Party undertakes not to conclude any alliance and not to take part in any coalition directed against the other High Contracting Party.

ARTICLE VIII

The present Treaty is subject to ratification in the shortest possible time and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in Moscow as soon as possible.

It comes into force immediately on the exchange of the instruments of ratification and shall thereupon replace the Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, signed at Moscow on the 12th July, 1941.

Part I of the present Treaty shall remain in force until the re-establishment of peace between the High Contracting Parties and Germany and the Powers associated with her in acts of aggression in Europe.

Part II of the present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of twenty years. Thereafter, unless twelve months' notice has been given by either Party to terminate the Treaty at the end of the said period of twenty years, it shall continue in force until twelve months after either High Contracting Party shall have given notice to the other in writing of his intention to terminate it.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto their seals.

DONE in duplicate in London on the 26th day of May, 1942, in the English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic. ANTHONY EDEN. V. MOLOTOV.

(2)

SOCIALIST

TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, MUTUAL ASSISTANCE, AND
AND POST-WAR
COOPERATION BETWEEN THE UNION OF SOVIET
REPUBLICS AND THE CZECHOSLOVAKIAN REPUBLIC

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the President of the Czechoslovakian Republic, desiring to modify and supplement the Treaty of Mutual Assistance existing between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Czechoslovakian Republic and signed in Prague on May 16, 1935, and to confirm the terms of the Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Czechoslovakian Republic concerning joint action in the war against Germany, signed July 18, 1941, in London; desiring to cooperate after the war to maintain peace and to prevent further aggression on the part of Germany and to assure permanent friendship and peaceful post-war cooperation between them, have resolved to conclude for this purpose a treaty and have appointed as their plenipotentiaries:

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

The President of the Czechoslovakian Republic-Mr. Zdenek Fierlinger, Ambassador of the Czechoslovakian Republic in the Soviet Union,

who, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed to the following:

ARTICLE 1

The High Contracting Parties, having agreed mutually to join in a policy of permanent friendship and friendly post-war cooperation, as well as of mutual assistance, engage to extend to each other military and other assistance and support of all kinds in the present war against Germany and against all those States which are associated with it in acts of aggression in Europe.

ARTICLE 2

The High Contracting Parties engage not to enter during the period of the present war into any negotiations with the Hitler Government or with any other Government in Germany which does not clearly renounce all aggressive intentions, and not to carry on negotiations and not to conclude without mutual agreement any armistice or other treaty of peace with Germany or with any other State associated with it in acts of aggression in Europe.

ARTICLE 3

Affirming their pre-war policy of peace and mutual assistance, expressed in the treaty signed at Prague on May 16, 1935, the High Contracting Parties, in case one of them in the period after the war should become involved in military action with Germany, which might resume its policy of "Drang nach Osten", or with any other State which might join with Germany directly or in any other form

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