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Licensing Mass Destruction

1. Computers (ECCN 1565) in twenty cases valued at almost $8
million.

-No referral of 19 of the cases to the Energy Department, as
required for items on the Nuclear Referral List.

- Commerce referred one case, valued at $29,300, to the
Departments of State and Energy, but approved another valued
at $488,000 unilaterally.

2. Computer-controlled machine tools (ECCN 1091) valued at
$525,000 (case D064342).

- Departments of State and Energy approved in January 1990.

Nassr State Enterprise for Mechanical Industries (or Nesser Establishment for Mechanical Industries): Part of the Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI), described above. Nassr procured equipment for Project 1728, a SCUD modification effort; was involved in Iraq's nuclear program; was the procurement arm for Taji, a site used to produce chemical munitions; and, according to Western intelligence documents, was "responsible for the development and manufacture of gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment."/16 Nassr also ran artillery ammunition plants; purchased "high-capacity driving nozzles" for missiles from a German company; may have been a part of the European procurement network run by Iraqi front company TDG in London; was the main customer of Matrix Churchill, another Iraqi front company in England; and was linked to the Condor II intermediate-range missile project.

• Total approvals: $1.8 million, including:

1. Computers (ECCN 1565) valued at $1 million.

- State Department approved in mid-1988.

-No referral to the Energy Department, as required for items on
the Nuclear Referral List.

2. Computer-controlled machine tools (ECCN 1091) valued at
$888,000 (case B281441).

- Energy Department approved in February 1988.

Al-Qaqaa State Establishment: Part of MIMI. Responsible, at least in part, for Iraq's nuclear weapon program. According to Western intelligence, this center was "concerned with the development of the non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons."/17 The intelligence report also states that Al-Qaqaa had experience with modern high explosives and high-speed measurements, both of which are necessary

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Licensing Mass Destruction.

ground support system for nuclear-capable missiles.

3. Navigational, radar, airborne communication, and mobile
communication equipment (ECCN 6598) valued at $115,000
(case D092873).

- Approved without external review in April 1990.

4. Communication, detection, and tracking equipment (ECCN
1502) valued at $1,825.

- Energy Department approved in February 1987.

5. Computers (ECCN 1565) in three cases valued at $130,000.

- Energy Department approved all three cases.

6. Measuring, calibration, and testing equipment (ECCN 1529)
valued at $7,375 (case D066127).

Endnotes

1. "BXA Facts" (press release), U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, March 11, 1991. The list covers a period from 1985 to August 2, 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, and reveals that three of the approvals were for over $1 billion worth of cargo trucks, which were not shipped. Id. at p. 3. See also, Stuart Auerbach, "$1.5 Billion in U.S. Sales to Iraq," Washington Post, March 11, 1991, p. A1; Michael Wines, "U.S. Tells of Prewar Technology Sales to Iraq Worth $500 million," New York Times, March 12, 1991, p. A13.

2. Mark Hibbs, "Components For Pakistan Were Intended For HighEnriched U, German Confirms," Nuclear Fuel, May 18, 1987.

3. Mark Hibbs, "Intelligence Reports Identify Two Sites as Key to Iraqi Weapons Program," Nuclear Fuel, January 21, 1991, p. 3.

4. "Involvement in Iraqi Gun Factory Reported," Der Spiegel
(Hamburg), July 9, 1990, pp. 54-56, translated in JPRS/TND, July 18,
1990, pp. 35-37.

5. United States Government Accounting Office, "Arms Control: U.S.
Efforts to Control the Transfer of Nuclear-Capable Missile
Technology" (Report to the Honorable Dennis DeConcini, U.S.
Senate), GAO/NSIAD-90-176, p. 14.

6. N.B. Namody, Director of the Saad General Establishment, letter of February 27, 1985 to Gildemeister Projecta, describing the 76

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