Thirdly, from substituting one element for another; as, A WORD is one or more Oral elements, or letters used to represent an idea. 2. WORDS ARE DIVIDED into primitive, derivative, simple, and compound. 3. A PRIMITIVE WORD is not derived, but constitutes a root from which other words are formed; as faith, ease. 4. A DERIVATIVE WORD is formed of a primitive and an affix or prefix; as faithful, disease. 5. A SIMPLE WORD is one that can not be divided without destroying the sense; as an, the, book. 6. A COMPOUND WORD is formed by two or more words; as inkstand, book-binder, laughing-stock. VIII. ANALYSIS OF WORDS. IN order to secure a practical knowledge of the preceding definitions and tables, to learn to spell spoken words by their oral elements, and to understand the uses of let ters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple analysis. ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v-salve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. 2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by five letters; s a l v e-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of f; hence, it is a cognate of f. E is silent. ANALYSIS.—1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sh ô-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. 2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, stated, is as follows:-All modified breathings are Atonics; 'The analysis logical.-It will be seen that this analysis is strictly logical; and that each conclusion is deduced from two premises, one of which (the major proposition) is suppressed. The first syllogism, fully The oral element of s is a modified breathing; Hence, the oral element of 8 is an Atonic. it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ŏ. ANALYSIS-1st. The compound word FRUIT'-BUD is a dissyllable, accented on the penult. In pronunciation, it is formed by the union of seven oral elements; frôt'-bůdfruit'-bud. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The third is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The fourth is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The fifth is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The sixth is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The seventh is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. 2d. The word FRUIT-BUD, in writing, is represented by eight letters; fruit-bud. Frepresents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of v; hence, it is a cognate of v. R represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. The combination ui is formed by the union of two vowels; hence, it is a diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of 8. Trepresents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of d; hence, it is a cognate of d. B represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lips; hence, it is a labial. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of p; hence, it is a cognate of p. U represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. D represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of t; hence, it is a cognate of t. A IX. RULES IN ARTICULATION. AS the name of a letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should always be pronounced ā (a in age); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter a, but that a boy knew it. 2. THE WORD A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),' though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as, Give a baby sister ǎ smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss. 3. THE, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as, The (thu) peach, the (thŭ) plum, the apple, and the (thŭ) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen? 4. U PRECEDED BY R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as, Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude? 5. R MAY BE TRILLED when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it should always be trilled; as, He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling. X. EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION. ILENT letters are here omitted, in most of the examples, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze 1A initial.-A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ǎlås, ǎmåss, ǎbåft. the words, both as spoken and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises. Sentences that are printed in the usual style are intended for dictation exercises, in which silent letters will be omitted and the words so written as to represent their cor. rect and exact pronunciation. 1. Thou lädst down and slěptst. 2. Thů bold, båd bâiz brók bolts ånd bårz. 8. Thů hosts stud stil, in silent wůnder fikst. 9. A thouzånd shrèks får hôplės mersi kál. 10. Thů fölishnes öv fölz iz fölli. 11. Both'z yoths with troths yuz ỏthz. 12. Arm it with ragz, à pigmi strâ wil pērs ĭt. 13. Nou set thů téth ånd strěch thů nostril wìd. 14. Hẻ wŏcht ånd wẻpt, hẻ felt ånd pråd fâr ål. 15. Hiz iz, åmidst thů mists, mêzêrd ån åzër ski. 16. Thů fèbl, fritnd frèmån fèbli fåt får frèdům. 17. Whispers of revenge passed silently around among the troops. 18. No shet når shroud enshrind thỏz shrůngkn shredz öv shrivld klå. 19. He has prints of an ice-house, an ocean, and wasts and deserts. 20. Thů whȧlz wheld ånd whêrld, and bård thår bråd, broun båks. 21. Jilz and Jasn Jōnz kăn not sā,-Arōrå, àlås, ămås, mănnå, villå, når Lūnå. 22. It will pain nobody, if the sad dangler regain neither rope. 23. The ragged madman, in his ramble, did madly ran sack every pantry in the parish. 24. What thou wůdst hill that thou wůdst holili. |