qualities inherent in man which have been developed in increasing the food supply determine how many sources of pleasure the members of a society can enjoy. The man whose vocation calls into activity but one quality has few sources of pleasure other than eating and drinking. If the production of rice or potatoes or of cloth or shoes requires of the laborer but little skill, those who produce these articles will have their faculties but partially developed, and will thus be cut off from most of those pleasures which are most enjoyable to fully developed beings. The greater the number of qualities which are developed in any man, the more sources of pleasure will he have which are not derived from a mere consumption of food. The inexclusive pleasures of fully developed beings do not draw largely on the food-supply,' and hence these enjoyments do not exclude others from the possibilities of a happy existence. Each individual through his actions and demand for food creates a demand for land. Some one individual needs but five average. acres to supply his wants, a second ten, a third twenty, a fourth one hundred, a fifth five hundred, and still others need one thousand acres or even more. We must, of course, count in each one's share the number of acres which his conduct, considered as a whole, causes to be unoccupied or partially used. If a people have such habits that they cannot live near together, or if they are so warlike that they prevent a large portion of the earth from being occupied, the unoccupied or partially used land must be credited to them. All our conduct influences our demand for land, and that conduct is, in an objective sense, the most moral which enables us to exercise all our faculties on the least land. We can, therefore, judge of the conduct of individuals or of nations by their demand for land. It is not necessary to know the subjective feelings of all individuals or how they increase their own happiness. We can judge of their conduct from what they desire for consumption and from how much of a demand for land this consumption creates. Those pleasures or habits which create a large demand for land are less moral than are those which require the exclusive use of fewer acres of land. The greatest happiness for 1 Patten, Premises of Political Economy, Chap. II. the greatest number cannot be attained without the greatest economy of the food-supply and the use of all the land in the most productive manner. Only that conduct can be absolutely right which allows both of these ends to be fulfilled. Upon our planet at least all the food-supply cannot be utilized unless some persons are willing to endure pain. By harmonious actions we can greatly increase the surplus sum of our happiness above our pains, and also the number of those who can participate in our pleasures. Yet some pains must be endured, and that conduct, however painful it may be, which reduces the gross sum of the pains which humanity must endure, must serve as a type of perfect action. Suppose two planets with external conditions like our earth. On one of these the people admired those acts which involve no pain, while on the other a life of self-sacrifice furnished a model for imitation. On the first of these worlds only a mere fraction of the food-supply could be utilized and the population would be small. A few islands or small valleys in favored localities might be found where frosts, storms, and disease were so rare that a life without pain. could be enjoyed. These localities would be isolated, since commerce cannot be carried on without pain, and as a result the inhabitants would be deprived of many sources of enjoyment. On the second of these worlds, where the thought of pain would not deter any one from action, the outcome would be very different. Every climate could be utilized, even though many of them might be unhealthy, and all kinds of food could be produced. Every productive act could be carried on at the point where the least labor would be required, while commerce could distribute all the produce of industry even though a few sailors froze their fingers furling the sails or perished in a shipwreck. The second world would have many times the population of the first world and many more sources of enjoyment. Suppose, now, a third world of complete uniformity, where storms and frosts never come and where disease never arises except through filth and ignorance. Here Mr. Spencer's ideal man might exist, since he would be in complete harmony with surrounding nature. In such a world as ours, however, he could not exist. He needs not only an ideal social state, but an ideal world. For each world there is an ideal man and a corresponding social state, and the ideal man in a world of change must be different from that of a world of complete uniformity. A world of change cannot offer a life without pain, but it can offer a life with many intense pleasures and but few pains. Such a life forms an economic ideal, and it certainly corresponds to the possibilities of the world in which we live. The greatest happiness for the greatest number can be attained by us without any modification of external Nature, and if evolution tears down ideals formed by partially evolved subjective feelings and replaces them with other ideals which can be realized, we must expect that the economic ideal of morality will gradually displace those ideals which can be realized only on worlds with other external conditions. BOOK NOTICES. "MIND." THE English Philosophical Journal, “Mind,” has received notice or a record of the contents of certain numbers in The Journal of Speculative Philosophy," as follows: Vol. X, No. 1, January, 1876, contents of the first number, January, 1876, with the Prospectus; Vol. X, No. 4, October, 1879, notice of Vols. I-III, by W. M. Bryant, and contents of the numbers for January and April, 1879, with brief remark by the Editor; Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1881, contents of January and April, 1881. Mind" is the most ably edited of all journals devoted to philosophy, and as we shall from time to time publish in this Journal a record of its contents, it has been thought advisable to present the entire contents from the beginning in connection with the following notice of Vols. XII and XIII: CONTENTS OF "MIND," VOLS. I-XI, Nos. 1-44. 1876-1886. EDITOR. January, 1876, Vol. I, No. 1.-Editor,' Prefatory Words; H. Spencer, The Comparative Psychology of Man; J. Sully, Physiological Psychology in Germany; J. Venn, Consistency and Real Inference; H. Sidgwick, The Theory of Evolution in its Application to Practice; S. H. Hodgson, Philosophy and Science (I); Rector of Lincoln College, Philosophy at Oxford; Prof. Bain, Early Life of James Mill (I); Critical Notices, Reports, Notes, New Books, News. April, 1876, No. 2.-G. H. Lewes, What is Sensation? Prof. W. Wundt, Central Innervation and Consciousness; A. Bain, Mr. Sidgwick's Methods of Ethics; H. Calder 1 Prof. George Croom Roberts on. 2 Mark Pattison. wood, Mr. Sidgwick on Intuitionalism; Editor, Mr. Jevons's Formal Logic; S. H. Hodgson, Philosophy and Science (II); H. Sidgwick, Philosophy at Cambridge; J. F. Payne, James Hinton; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes, Correspondence, New Books, News. July, 1876, No. 3.-H. Helmholtz, The Origin and Meaning of Geometrical Axioms; R. Flint, Associationism and the Origin of Moral Ideas; F. Pollock, Evolution and Ethics; F. Max Müller, The Original Intention of Collective and Abstract Terms; S. H. Hodgson, Philosophy and Science (III, concluded); T. M. Lindsay, Hermann Lotze; W. H. S. Monck, Philosophy at Dublin; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes, Correspondence, New Books, News. October, 1876, No. 4.-J. A. Stewart, Psychology-a Science or a Method; J. Ward, An Attempt to interpret Fechner's Law; J. Sully, Art and Psychology; J. Venn, Boole's Logical System; R. Adamson, Schopenhauer's Philosophy; A. Bain, The Life of James Mill (II); Editor, Philosophy in London; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes, Correspondence, New Books, News. January, 1877, Vol. II, No. 5.-A. Bain, Education as a Science; H. Travis, An Introspective Investigation; H. Sidgwick, Hedonism and Ultimate Good; J. P. N. Laud, Kant's Space and Modern Mathematics; J. J. Murphy, Fundamental Logic; J. S. Henderson, Lord Amberley's Metaphysics; W. G. Daviss, The Veracity of Consciousness; J. Veitch, Philosophy in the Scottish Universities; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. April, 1877, No. 6.-E. B. Tylor, Mr. Spencer's Principles of Sociology; G. H. Lewes, Consciousness and Unconsciousness; A. Barratt, The "Suppression" of Egoism; J. G. Macvicar, The so-called Antinomy of Reason; W. S. Jevons, "Cram "; J. Veitch, Philosophy in the Scottish Universities; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes, New Books, News. July, 1877, No. 7.-C. Darwin, Biographical Sketch of an Infant; A. Bain, Education as a Science (II); D. G. Thompson, Knowledge and Belief; C. Read, On some Principles of Logic; Editor, English Thought in the Eighteenth Century; Th. Ribot, Philosophy in France; Critical Notices, Notes, Correspondence, New Books, News. October, 1877, No. 8.-R. Verdon, Forgetfulness; A. Barratt, Ethics and Politics; T. M. Lindsay, Recent Hegelian Contributions to English Philosophy; W. Wundt, Philosophy in Germany; A. Bain, The Life of James Mill (III, concluded); Critical Notices, Reports, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. January, 1878, Vol. III, No. 9.-J. Sully, The Question of Visual Perception in Germany (I); Editor, The Physical Basis of Mind; J. Venn, The Use of Hypotheses; Prof. W. K. Clifford, On the Nature of Things-in-Themselves; A. J. Balfour, The Philosophy of Ethics; Prof. J. P. N. Laud, Philosophy in the Dutch Universities. Critical Notices, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. April, 1878, No. 10.-G. Allen, Note-Deafness; J. Sully, The Question of Visual Perception in Germany (II); F. Pollock, Notes on the Philosophy of Spinoza; H. Helmholtz, On the Origin and Meaning of Geometrical Axioms (II). Philosophy in Education (I), J. A. Stewart; (II), Editor; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. July, 1878, No. 11.-G. J. Romanes, Consciousness of Time; Prof. Bain, Education as a Science (III); G. Allen, The Origin of the Sublime; D. G. Thompson, Intuition and Inference (I); A. Sidgwick, The Negative Character of Logic; Prof. W. H. S. Monck, Butler's Ethical System; Rev. W. Cunningham, Political Economy as a Moral Science; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. October, 1878, No. 12.-G. S. Hall, The Muscular Perception of Space; Prof. Bain; Education as a Science (IV); D. G. Thompson, Intuition and Inference (II); A. J. Balfour, Transcendentalism; G. Barzellotti, Philosophy in Italy; Critical Notices, Reports, Notes and Discussions, New Books, News. January, 1879, Vol. IV, No. 13.-W. James, Are we Automata? E. Gurney, On Discord; J. Venn, The Difficulties of Material Logic; F. Pollock, Marcus Aurelius and the Stoic Philosophy; O. Plumacher, Pessimism; G. S. Hall, Philosophy in the United States; Notes and Discussions, Critical Notices, New Books, Miscellaneous. April, 1879, No. 14.-G. S. Hall, Laura Bridgman; J. Sully, Harmony of Colors; Rev. R. Harley, F. R. S., The Stanhope Demonstrator; Prof. Bain, John Stuart Mill (I); A. Sidgwick, Definition De Jure and De Facto; L. S. Bevington, The Personal Aspect of Responsibility; Notes and Discussions, Critical Notices, New Books, Miscellaneous. July, 1879, No. 15.-G. Allen, The Origin of the Sense of Symmetry; W. James, The Sentiment of Rationality; C. Read, Kuno Fischer on English Philosophy; J. N. Keynes, On the Position of Formal Logic; Prof. Bain, John Stuart Mill (II); F. Y. Edgeworth, The Hedonical Calculus; Notes, Critical Notices, New Books, Miscellaneous. October, 1879, No. 16.-A. Lang, Mr. Max Müller and Fetishism; G. A. Simcox, An January, 1880, Vol. V, No. 17.—E. Montgomery, The Dependence of Quality on Specific July, 1880, No. 19.—F. Galton, F. R. S., Statistics of Mental Imagery; E. Montgomery, The Unity of the Organic Individual; J. Venn, On the Forms of Logical Proposition; T. Thornely, Perfection as an Ethical End; W. R. Sorley, Jewish Mediæval Philosophy and Spinoza; Notes and Discussions, Critical Notices, New Books, Miscellaneous. October, 1880, No. 20.-G. Allen, Esthetic Evolution in Man; E. Montgomery, The |