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I will have conduits of sweet and good water, aptly disposed in each town, common granaries, as at Dresden in Misnia, Stetein in Pomerland, Nuremberg, etc. Colleges of mathematicians, musicians, and actors, as of old at Ionia, alchymists,1 physicians, artists, and philosophers: that all arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned; and public historiographers, as amongst those ancient Persians, qui in commentarios referebant quod memoratu digna gerebantur, informed and appointed by the state to register all famous acts, and not by each insufficient scribbler, partial or parasitical pedant, as in our times. I will provide public schools of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, etc., especially of grammar and languages, not to be taught by those tedious precepts ordinarily used, but by use, example, conversation, as travellers learn abroad, and nurses teach their children. As I will have all such places, so will I ordain public governors, fit officers to each place, treasurers, ædiles, quæstors, overseers of pupils, widows' goods, and all public houses, etc., and those once a year to make strict accounts of all receipts, expenses, to avoid confusion, et sic fiet ut non absumant (as Pliny to Trajan) quod pudeat dicere.2 They shall be subordinate to those higher officers and governors of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen and mean artificers, but noblemen and gentlemen, which shall be tied to residence in those towns they dwell next, at such set times and seasons: for I see no reason (which Hippolitus complains of) "that it should be more dishonorable for noblemen to govern the city than the country, or unseemly to dwell there now, than of old." I will have no bogs, fens, marshes, vast woods,

1 Not to make gold, but for matters of physic.-(Burton's note.) 2 And so they shall not misuse the funds, which one is ashamed even to speak of.-Panegyrie, § 20.

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deserts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed; 1 (yet not depopulated, and therefore take heed you mistake me not), for that which is common and every man's, is no man's; the richest countries are still enclosed, as Essex, Kent, with us, etc., Spain, Italy; and where enclosures are least in quantity, they are best husbanded, as about Florence in Italy, Damascus in Syria, etc., which are liker gardens than fields. I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, not so much as the tops of mountains: where nature fails, it shall be supplied by art: lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common highways, bridges, banks, corrivations of waters, aqueducts, channels, public works, buildings, etc., out of a common stock, curiously maintained and kept in repair; no depopulations, engrossings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors that shall be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all places, what is amiss, how to help it, et quid quaeque ferut regio, et quid quaeque recuset, what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, what for cattle, gardens, orchards, fishponds, etc., with a charitable division in every village (not one domineering house greedily to swallow up all, which is too common with us), what for lords, what for tenants; and because they shall be better encouraged to improve such lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drain, fence,

1 M. Carew, in his Survey of Cornwall, saith that before that country was inclosed, the husbandmen drank water, did eat little or no bread (fol. 66, lib. 1), their apparel was coarse, they went barelegged, their dwelling was correspondent; but since inclosure, they live decently, and have money to spend (fol. 23); when their fields were common, their wool was coarse Cornish hair; but since inclosure it is almost as good as Cotswol, and their soil much mended. Tusser (cap. 52) of his Husbandry, is of his opinion, one acre inclosed, is worth three common. The country inclosed I praise; The other delighteth not me, For nothing of wealth it doth raise, tec. (Burton's note.)

2 VIRGIL, Georgics, I, 53.

etc., they shall have long leases, a known rent, and known fine to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyrannizing landlords. These supervisors shall likewise appoint what quantity of land in each manor is fit for the lord's demesnes, what for holding of tenants, how it ought to be husbanded,

Ut Magnetis equis, Minyae gens cognita remis.1 how to be manured, tilled, rectified, Hic segetes veniunt, illic felicius uvæ, Arborei fœtus alibi, atque injussa virescunt Gramina,2 and what proportion is fit for all callings, because private possessors are many times idiots, ill husbands, oppressors, covetous, and know not how to improve their own, or else wholly respect their own, and not public good.

Utopian parity is a kind of government to be wished for, rather than effected, Respub. Christianapolitana, Campanella's City of the Sun, and that new Atlantis, witty fictions, but mere chimeras; and Plato's community in many things is impious, absurd and ridiculous, it takes away all splendor and magnificence. I will have several orders, degrees of nobility, and those hereditary, not rejecting younger brothers in the meantime, for they shall be sufficiently provided for by pensions, or so qualified, brought up in some honest calling, they shall be able to live of themselves. I will have such a proportion of ground belonging to every barony, he that buys the land shall buy the barony, he that by riot consumes his patrimony and ancient demesnes, shall forfeit his honors. As some dignities

1 Famed as the Magnesians for horses, the Argonauts for rowing.— Lucan, VI, 382.

2 This ground with Bacchus, that with Ceres suits,

That other loads the trees with happy fruits,

A fourth, with grass unbidden, decks the ground.-VIRGIL,
Georgics, I, 54-6 (Dryden's translation).

3 So it is in the kingdom of Naples and France.-(Burton's note.)

shall be hereditary, so some again by election or by gift (besides free offices, pensions, annuities), like our bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa's palaces in Turkey, the Procurators' houses and offices in Venice, which, like the golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest and best deserving both in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as so many goals for all to aim at (honos alit artes),1 and encouragement to others. For I hate those severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, which exclude plebeians from honors; be they never so wise, rich, virtuous, valiant, and well qualified, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank; this is naturæ bellum inferre,2 odious to God and men, I abhor it. My form of government shall be monarchical.

Nunquam libertas gratior exstat,
Quam sub rege pio, etc.3

Few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, by which it shall be chiefly maintained: and parents shall teach their children, one of three at least, bring up and instruct them in the mysteries of their own trade. In each town these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the rest from danger or offense: fire-trades, as smiths, forgemen, brewers, bakers, metal-men, etc., shall dwell apart by themselves: dyers, tanners, fel-mongers, and such as use water, in convenient places by themselves: noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as butchers' slaugh1 Honor fosters the arts.-CICERO, Tusculan Disputations, I, ii, 4.

2 To wage war against nature.

3 Liberty is never more gratifying than under a pious king.— CLAUDIAN, De Cons. Stilch., III, 114.

ter-houses, chandlers, curriers, in remote places and some back lanes. Fraternities and companies I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of druggists, physi-| cians, musicians, etc., but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as our clerks of the market do bakers and brewers; corn itself, what scarcity soever shall come, not to exceed such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought in, if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man's life, as corn, wood, coals, etc., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom paid, no taxes; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as wine, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, etc., a greater impost. I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, and some discreet men appointed to travel into all neighboring kingdoms by land, which shall observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common good. Ecclesiastical discipline, penes Episcopos,1 subordinate as the other. No impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but common societies, corporations, etc., and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the Universities, examined and approved, as the literati in China. No parish to contain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priests as should imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbors as themselves, temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, philosophers should know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozening, magistrates corruption, etc.; but this is impossible, I must get such as I may. I will therefore have of lawyers, judges, advocates, 1 In the hands of the bishops.

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