this is the U. N., now—

where our ideological opponents can be kept out in the open cynosure of the eyes of the world and where we can refute their propaganda with words of truth in the same day.

Ambassador Lodge has said that he always manages to refute their propaganda at any time.

Senator KNOWLAND. I think it is a very real problem. We do have the Voice of America. But, of course, we have some figures-I happen to serve as a member of the Appropriations Committee of the Senate, also which show that the Soviet Union is spending as much or maybe more in blocking and trying to interrupt and interfere with the Voice of America broadcasts as we spend in doing the broadcasting.

What I had in mind was that if a nation becomes a member of the United Nations, if it subscribes to the charter, and if it wants to make use of the United Nations as a forum which has full coverage of the debates which take place in the free world, shouldn't that nation, if it is to get the advantages of that forum, have an equal obligation in seeing to it that those debates get behind the Iron Curtain uninterrupted, uninterfered with, as they are in the United States, for instance?

Mrs. McLAIN. Yes, perhaps so, in order to be just.

Senator KNOWLAND. Thank you.

Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you very much.

Mrs. MCLAIN. Thank you for the opportunity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Senator SPARKMAN. Before the next witness is called, let me break in here just briefly. We have some staff members who are helping us, and I thought this might be a very good time to present them. It might be well if all of you would stand for just a moment, and get a little relaxation while I am presenting them.

First I should like to present Dr. Carl Marcy, who is a member of the staff of the Foreign Relations Committee in the Senate; Miss Morella Hansen, down at the desk, who is a member of the staff of the Foreign Relations Committee; and our reporter, Mr. Williams, is likewise from Washington.

There are some gentlemen from the junior chamber of commerce that I should like to acknowledge at this time, too, who have been quite helpful to us:

Mr. Chuck Gilbert: Mr. Gilbert is the man that has been calling the time on the witnesses, as well as manipulating those microphones and the sound effects.

Mr. Ted Israel: Mr. Israel is the one who has been calling the witnesses.

Mr. Frank Takeuchi, over at the door.

I am very glad to acknowledge the help that these people have given us, and also at this time I should like to take the opportunity of thanking Mr. Robert Dolan and Miss Osborne of the mayor's office for the help that they have given us. They are not here, but I wanted to acknowledge them publicly.

Thank you very much. Will you be seated, and the next witness will come around.

Mr. ISRAEL. Mrs. John J. Ryan, to be followed by Mr. Happell. Senator SPARKMAN. Come around, Mrs. Ryan.

Mrs. RYAN. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF MRS. JOHN J. RYAN, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC WOMEN

Senator SPARKMAN. You may proceed.

Mrs. RYAN. Let me congratulate the subcommittee of the Foreign Affairs Committee

Senator SPARKMAN. Foreign Relations in the Senate. It is Foreign Affairs in the House.

Mrs. RYAN. Foreign Relations, yes.

Senator SPARKMAN. I don't know why.

Mrs. RYAN (continuing). On using this democratic process in getting at the grassroots. It gives us a new faith in our Government, in our democracy, and is a hope for the nations of the world.

I am Mrs. John J. Ryan, representing the National Council of Catholic Women, of the archdiocese of San Francisco. We are a federation of 317 affiliations and approximately 40,000 women.

The Charter of the United Nations is predicated upon the principle of the natural law that man has an innate desire for peace, so that he may exercise to the fullest extent, in his political, economic, and social life, the dignity which is inherently his as a member of the society of mankind.

The charter promises, furthermore, to provide the institutional means of accomplishing this objective, and makes provision for the process of amendment, whereby these means may be further implemented, as weakness in the charter is revealed by experience, and as modifications and revisions are demanded by the exigencies of the times.

Peace is the tranquillity of order, and is attained through the operation of justice; it is, therefore, necessarily founded upon basic principles of equity, in the social, economic, and political spheres, and in the national and international orders.

REVISIONS PROPOSED

We, accordingly, believe that the security of individuals and nations everywhere would be strengthened, and the tensions existing in today's world lessened, by utilizing the amendment processes of the charter in the following areas:

I. In that of sovereignty, by recognition of the basic principle that no state is absolutely or unqualifiedly sovereign and that in the moral law the common good takes precedence over self-interested nationalism.

II. In that of disarmament, by making this, so far as possible, universal and compulsory, with full international control of atomic-nuclear weapons; with effective methods of inspection and the power to impose sanctions upon offenders.

III. In that of international law, by investing the General Assembly of the United Nations with power to legislate in this field, beginning with specific categories of special moment.

IV. In that of justice, by granting to the International Court mandatory jurisdiction, together with appropriate means to enforce its decisions.

V. In that of the veto power, by providing for its limitation, especially with regard to such vital questions as the charter amendments, admission of new members, the peaceable settlement of disputes, and the imposition of sanctions.

The above recommendations represent, basically and generally, the position of our organization in reference to charter review, and follow, in each instance, from our conviction that permanent and honorable peace can be attained only through a sincere recognition of the mutual interdependence of all peoples, under the universal sovereignty of God.

Thank you.

Senator SPARKMAN. Senator Knowland?

Senator KNOWLAND. No questions.

Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you very much, Mrs. Ryan.
Mrs. RYAN. Thank you.

Senator SPARKMAN. Next witness.

Mr. ISRAEL. Mr. Leon Happell, followed by Mr. Horton.

Senator SPARKMAN. Come around, Mr. Happell. We are glad to have you, sir.

Mr. HAPPELL. Thank you, sir.

STATEMENT OF LEON HAPPELL, VICE CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMISSION, AMERICAN LEGION

Mr. HAPPELL. Mr. Chairman and Senator Knowland, it is a real pleasure to have the opportunity to appear before this subcommittee to express the opinions of our organization.

I am the vice chairman of the national foreign relations commission of the American Legion.

We have standing committees that make constant studies of many problems with relation to foreign affairs, of which the United Nations, we consider, is a very important part.

The statements made here this morning have been very similar in many respects, and I hope not to repeat them. However, I would like to state the Legion's position on 1 or 2 of what I consider very important phases of the subject before you, and I hope that I stay closely to the subject, and that is with respect to revision of the Charter of the United Nations.

LEGION SUPPORT FOR THE CHARTER

We do not have any idea that we should withdraw from the United Nations at this time. And I pick that remark up from one of the previous witnesses. I think that it is like a businessman that has a going concern, and even though business may be a little bad in spots and at times, the overall picture is good, and there is no advantage in discarding something that is certainly bringing fruit in some fields.

The American Legion, if I may state, believes now as it has in the past, that the United Nations is indispensable. What the future may bring forth is anybody's guess.

But before going directly into our recommendations of what we think should be the amendments to the charter, I think it is only fair to say that the United Nations has done some wonderful work. The organizations that are formed within the framework-and I have in mind the World Health Organization and the other international groups that are operating-have done some wonderful work.

UNESCO itself is a controversial subject within our national organization, although in the department of California of the American Legion they are opposed to UNESCO and the use of its materials in the public schools.

REGIONAL COLLECTIVE DEFENSE ARRANGEMENTS

Article 51 of the charter has provided one of the great things that has happened, and I think that is the organization of NATO. It has given the freedom-loving people the opportunity of organizing themselves for their mutual security, and has provided for a united effort, something that has never been known before on the Continent of Europe.

In 1949, at the Philadelphia convention, we recommended a similar pact for southeast Asia, and at that time were told by the spokesmen in the State Department at a briefing session that it just was not time for it, or at least it was inopportune.

But I notice since that time that we have such an organization now in existence, and for our American Legion, I wish to say that we are very pleased to see it.

Speaking directly now on what we think should be the revision of the charter, I think that the Security Council-I am speaking now for our organization-and by resolution which was passed in 1946, just 1 year after the United Nations Charter was adopted here in San Francisco, these things have happened.

ENLARGEMENT OF SECURITY COUNCIL

We believe the Security Council should be enlarged to 10 members; that the veto should be abolished in matters of aggression and preparation for aggression; that a vote of 6 out of 10 members should control all of the other things that come before the Security Council; to reorganize the International Court of Justice; to give special thinking to the development of an Atomic Energy Authority, because surely the delegates in San Francisco 10 years ago did not know the future development of nuclear weapons.

We are opposed to any form of world government and we hope that the United Nations will not become topheavy with so many side issues that they will forget the original purpose for which they were formed, to promote peace and good will on earth.

Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you, Mr. Happell.

Your entire statement, which you did not get to complete, will be placed in the record.

Mr. HAPPELL. Thank you, sir. This is an eight-page statement that covers our position entirely.

Senator SPARKMAN. Yes. I read it.

Mr. HAPPELL. Thank you.

(The prepared statement by Mr. Happell is as follows:)

AMERICAN LEGION VIEWS WITH REGARD TO REVISION OF THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, BY LEON HAPPELL, VICE CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMISSION

First, may I state that the Legion believes now, as it has in the past, that the United Nations is indispensable. What the future may bring forth is anybody's guess.

This is the second time in our generation, and each time following a world conflict, that nations have bound themselves together for the purpose of maintaining a universal peace. We all know about the failure of the League of Nations and the many events that caused its downfall. Notable among these were Mussolini's conquest of Ethiopia, the invasion of Manchuria by Japan, and interference in the Spanish Revolution by many so-called neutral nations. These acts of aggression, of course, were followed by the most devastating war the world has experienced. Nobody knows how much of this might have been prevented had the League of Nations been allowed to continue.

Now we have a second great organization, the United Nations, which has its 10th birthday this year. Certainly, there is much to be done to make the United Nations serve the purpose for which it was organized more fully. However, before stating the American Legion position in this regard, I think it is only fair to review the accomplishments of the United Nations over the 10 years of its existence.

Defeat of Communist aggression in Iran and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Tremendous moral, financial, and material aid rendered to Greece while under communistic attack.

The United Nations negotiated and concluded the armistice between Israel and the Arab States.

Creation of the free states of Libya and Indonesia.

Formation of the Republic of Korea and the subsequent aid in men, monev. and material for the defense of the new Republic while they were defending themselves against Communist attack. While it is true that the United States carried most of the load in this effort, let us not forget that some 46 nations contributed to the best of their ability in this joint effort. This has never happened before in the history of the world.

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest accomplishments of the United Nations was to assist in sounding the death knell of colonialism. This was not a direct effort of the organization, but it has lent a guiding hand in the peaceful transition from colonialism to independence and self-government. Let us not forget that we, ourselves, set the pattern by our own Declaration of Independence. Aside from these political and military achievements, the United Nations has offered a means of benefiting mankind in many other ways. The World Health Organization, International Labor Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, and many other groups set up within the framework of the charter are now doing a splendid job.

UNESCO is a controversial subject within our national organization. At the present time we have a special committee which is making a study of this and other features of the United Nations. Until this report is official and is accepted or rejected by the legion, I will withhold comment. However, the Department of California, American Legion, has opposed UNESCO and the use of its material in our public schools.

From a military standpoint, the results of the efforts of the United Nations have been good and bad. The United Nations has no policing force or troops of its own. As a result, it has been necessary for the nations who have the wherewithal to assist in this effort. Korea is perhaps the best example of this.

The American Legion passed a resolution at its convention in Miami in 1948 which provided in part: “*** to strengthen the United Nations through charter revision *** by the creation of an adequate, active. independent world police force under the control of a vitalized Security Council, together with a reserve force of national contingents."

We believe that this is necessary now more than ever for the United Nations does not have an enforcement arm to back up its decisions and those of the International Court of Justice.

From the standpoint of mutual security, the charter has been most helpful. NATO was born under article 51 which recognizes the right of nations to join for this purpose. NATO has been a huge success, having brought together the fighting forces of many nations with the single purpose in mind of defending