The United States as the headquarters of the United Nations should be open to all foreigners having business with it. We urge the abandonment of the present restrictions upon the admission and stay of foreigners, unnecessary for national security, and contrary to the policies of other countries which are host to U. N. agencies.

I would like to inquire whether your suggestion goes so far as to suggest that the United Nations should issue a form of international passport that would give them jurisdiction over the admission of such people.

Mr. OWEN. I had not considered that possibility, Senator, but it seems to me that within the duties required by these people in connection with the United Nations work, such a system might be very beneficial.

Senator KNOWLAND. Of course, the U. N. headquarters being in the heart of the largest metropolitan district in the country, it would be a little difficult for them to control the dispersal of these people in other sections of either New York City or the country, if that were so. I just wanted to know if you had given any specific attention to how you would achieve our objective without opening the doors pretty wide. Mr. OWEN. I grant you that it is a difficult problem. But I think that there are many difficult problems involved in this, and we should attempt to answer them as best we can.

Senator KNOWLAND. That is all.

Senator SPARKMAN. Senator Mansfield?

Senator MANSFIELD. No questions.

Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you very much.

Mr. OWEN. Thank you.

Senator SPARKMAN. Mrs. Ruhtenberg.

Mr. GOOD. After Mrs. Ruhtenberg, the next witness will be Mr. Max Awner.

Senator SPARKMAN. Mrs. Ruhtenberg, we are very glad to have you. Proceed in your own way.

Mrs. RUHTENBERG. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF MRS. A. G. JAN RUHTENBERG, COLORADO COORDINATOR, VIGILANT WOMEN FOR THE BRICKER AMENDMENT

Mrs. RUHTENBERG. Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, I am Mrs. A. G. Jan Ruhtenberg, of El Paso County, past president of the El Paso County Republican Women. I am also a Vigilant Woman but I am speaking as an individual.

Mrs. Pemberton has already explained in general terms "The American Plan for U. N. Charter Revision" prepared by the Vigilant Women for the Bricker Amendment. She was the speaker just before this last speaker.

Although it is unlikely that a review conference will adopt formal amendments to the U. N. Charter, the Senate should go on record next year in favor of amendments designed to safeguard United States participation in the U. N.

If you will now turn to appendix A, United Nations Charter amendments, I would like to summarize briefly the proposed charter amendments.

PREAMBLE CHANGES

We propose that the preamble should be amended to wipe out the fraudulent phrase, "We the people of the United Nations." No human being owes allegiance to the U. N. or ever voted for any U. N. delegate to represent him.

We propose that the preamble read:

The parties to the Charter of the United Nations Organization determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which three times in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind * * *

Accordingly, the United Nations Organization is hereby continued as a voluntary organization of sovereign nations having such functions and powers as are expressly granted to it by the following articles.

DELEGATED POWERS TO THE U. N.

Then we would propose a new paragraph on article 2. Even our Founding Fathers did not entrust the American President and Congress with the exercise of undelegated powers. However, many witnesses before the subcommittee have contended that the U. N. can exercise powers not delegated by its charter, even to the extent of evolving the U. N. into a world government by charter interpretation. Our proposed amendment would confine the U. N. to exercise the powers expressly delegated by the charter.

EXPULSION AND WITHDRAWAL

We suggest amending article 6 to say that

A member of the United Nations who has persistently violated the principles contained in the charter may be expelled by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly and by any seven members of the Security Council.

We believe that U. N. members should stand up and be counted on the issue of continued Soviet participation.

We would add a paragraph to article 6 stating that a member may withdraw on 3 months' notice. The proposed addition would not let the important right to withdraw from the United Nations rest on mere implication.

REPEAL OF ARTICLES 53 AND 54

We propose the repeal of articles 53 and 54. Collective security through the United Nations is a dangerous delusion. Moreover, the collective security functions of the United Nations destroy its potential value as a diplomatic forum.

Our regional defense alliances do represent a shield against Communist aggression and should be cut loose from the Security Council by repealing articles 53 and 54.

AMENDMENTS OF ARTICLES 55 AND 56

Then we propose an amendment to articles 55 and 56. Few peopleimagined in 1945 that the vague human rights provisions stated in articles 55 and 56 of the charter we intended as self-executing legal obligations.

We propose amending these articles to prevent the human rights of Americans from being internationalized.

I am going to skip to the end. I think I am probably getting short. We believe that the root of uneasiness about the U. N. is the wellfounded suspicion that the American people will have little or nothing to say about charter revisions or about United States participation in the United Nations, but that they, powerless and unwilling may be drawn into some sort of world government from which there will be

no escape.

This vigilant woman and thousands of others like me will fight to the last bridge to see that no quarter-world, half-world, or one-world government will be put upon the American people unaware, and that if revisions are made to the charter, they will be made with the full knowledge and consent of the American people in an open and constitutional manner.

Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you very much, Mrs. Ruhtenberg.
Any questions?

Thank you.

(The prepared statement of Mrs. Ruhtenberg is as follows:)

STATEMENT OF MRS. A. G. JAN RUHTENBERG, PAST PRESIDENT EL PASO COUNTY REPUBLICAN WOMEN

Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, I am Mrs. A. G. Jan Ruhtenberg, of El Paso County, past president of the El Paso County Republican Women. I am also a Vigilant Woman but am speaking as an individual.

Miss Pemberton has already explained in general terms "The American Plan for U. N. Charter Revision" prepared by the Vigilant Women for the Bricker Amendment. Although it is unlikely that a review conference will adopt formal amendments to the U. N. Charter, the Senate should go on record next year in favor of amendments designed to safeguard United States participation in the U. N.

If you will now turn to appendix A, I would like to summarize briefly the proposed charter amendments.

PREAMBLE

We propose that the preamble should be amended to wipe out the fraudulent phrase: "We the peoples of the United Nations." No human being owes allegiance to the U. N. or ever voted for any U. N. delegate to represent him.

Also, the preamble should be amended to indicate that Korea was the third great war in our lifetime. A war in which we suffered 103,000 American casualties, 33,000 American dead with 4,000 to 6,000 American boys, according to General Van Fleet, still missing, dead or held prisoner, is not one to be forgotten.

NEW ARTICLE 2, SECTION 8

We would add a section to article 2.

Even our Founding Fathers did not trust the American President and Congress with the exercise of undelegated powers. However, many witnesses before the subcommittee have contended that the U. N. can exercise powers not delegated by its charter, even to the extent of evolving the U. N. into a world government by charter interpretation. Our proposed new section would confine the U. N. to the exercise of powers expressly delegated by the charter.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 6

Of course, the Soviet Union would decline to ratify any charter amendment making its expulsion from the U. N. vetoproof. But we suggest amending article 6 to say "That a member of the U. N. which has persistently violated the principles contained in the charter, may be expelled by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly, and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council." We believe that U. N. members should stand up and be counted on the issue of continued Soviet participation.

And we would add a second section to article 6 stating that a member of the U. N. may withdraw from the organization on 3 months' notice. The proposed

addition to article 6 would not let the important right to withdraw from the U. N. rest on mere implication.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 17, SECTION 2

We would amend article 17, section 2 to place a ceiling of 25 percent on the contribution of any one member to the budget of the U. N. or any of its agencies.

PROPOSED REPEAL OF ARTICLES 53 AND 54

We propose the repeal of articles 53 and 54. Collective security through the U. N. is a dangerous delusion. Moreover, the collective security functions of the U. N. destroy its potential value as a diplomatic forum.

Our regional defense alliances do represent a shield against Communist aggression. They should be cut loose from the U. N. Security Council by repealing articles 53 and 54 of the charter.

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES 55 AND 56

Few people imagined in 1945 that the vague human rights provisions stated in articles 55 and 56 of the charter were intended to be self-executing legal obligations. We propose to amend articles 55 and 56 to prevent the fundamental human rights of Americans from being internationalized.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 62

Obviously, a domestic jurisdiction clause limiting the U. N. should apply to the specialized agencies as well. We propose amending article 62 to say, "the Economic and Social Council and the specialized agencies shall not prepare any draft convention, make any recommendation, or take any other action under this article with respect to matters which are recognized as beyond the competence of the U. N."

PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 100

The charter should be amended to prevent a repetition of the disgraceful indemnification of disloyal Americans by the General Assembly.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 108

The "American plan" for U. N. Charter division would amend article 108 so that the future changes in important charter provisions could be effected only by formal amendments to the constitutions of U. N. member nations.

The root of all uneasiness about the U. N. is the well-founded suspicion that the American people will have little or nothing to say about United States participation in the U. N., but that they, powerless and unwilling, may be drawn into some sort of world government.

We will fight to the last bridge to see that no quarter-world, half-world, or one-world government shall be put upon the American people unaware.

And that if revisions are to be made to the U. N. Charter, that they will be made with the full knowledge and consent of the American people in an open and constitutional manner.

Senator SPARKMAN. Mr. Awner. We are very glad to have you, sir. Mr. AWNER. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF MAX AWNER, COLORADO STATE FEDERATION of LABOR, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

Mr. AWNER. I am testifying on behalf of the Colorado State Federation of Labor, State affiliate of the American Federation of Labor. The State federation of labor represents approximately 75,000 members of A. F. of L. unions in the State of Colorado. The Colorado Labor Advocate, of which I am editor, is the official weekly newspaper of the State federation, as well as of 53 other labor organizations in this State.

COLORADO FEDERATION OF LABOR RESOLUTION

On June 3, 1950, at its annual convention, held in Denver, the Colorado State Federation of Labor adopted the following resolution: Whereas the continued existence and welfare of working people the world over depends on avoidance of another world war and the creation of world conditions wherein a durable peace can be built; and

Whereas the United Nations, though it has a number of noteworthy accomplishments to its credit and on the basis of what it has done deserves the continued and wholehearted support of all peace-loving people, nevertheless has demonstrated that, as presently constituted, it is almost powerless to end the cold war; and

Whereas it is vital that the U. N. be given such powers: Therefore be it. Resolved, That the 55th Convention of the Colorado State Federation of Labor go on record as memorializing the American Federation of Labor to accept as its policy the favoring of the convening, as soon as possible, of a U. N. amending conference, as provided for in the U. N. Charter, with a view to eliminating the conditions that have caused the present international stalemate and building the U. N. into a true federation of nations, with a code of international law, a bill of human rights, an adequate international peace force, and any other machinery not otherwise inconsistent with the sovereignty of nations but found to be necessary for the maintenance of world law and order; and be it further

Resolved, That membership in any such world federation shall be open at all times to any nation willing to subscribe to the charter as drawn up; and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the executive officers of the American Federation of Labor.

This resolution is further developed and brought up to date in written testimony already submitted to this committee.

I should also like with the permission of the chairman to add to my written testimony an editorial from a recent edition of the Labor Advocate, which I have here.

Senator SPARKMAN. That will be done.
(The editorial referred to is as follows:)

[From the Colorado Labor Advocate, December 31, 1954]

LOVE NOT Too WELL, BUT WISELY

We hope everyone interested in world affairs reads the thought-provoking article by Robert C. Good in last Sunday's Denver Post. Titled "The Two-Front Fight," it makes the point that the United Nations is endangered as much by those who expect impossible things of it as by those who attack and try to destroy it.

One of the "false and dangerous" hopes of the U. N.-lovers, as Good calls them, is that the U. N. "can be transformed into a world government." The pro-U. N.'ers, he says "are endangering the U. N. because they insist it should be substantially strengthened, when in fact it cannot be." And Mr. Good makes an impressive case for the proposition that, under present world conditions, the U. N. indeed cannot be altered much.

The essential point in the article is that the U. N. is merely the mirror of world conflicts today. The author goes even further and says: "This is as it should be. If the U. N. were not a part of that conflict, it would be irrelevant to the most pressing problem in international relations today." In other words, he sees it as merely another instrument in the cold war-a bridge of sorts, perhaps, between the competing forces, but a bridge for facilitating mutual recrimination and attack, not friendly intercourse.

This is not to say that Mr. Good is an enemy of the U. N. or of world peace. He makes it clear that he sincerely supports all efforts to bring the two great opposing global forces together-within the framework of the U. N. as it now stands.

Yet his article is, from the larger point of view, essentially shortsighted, misleading, and detrimental to world cooperation and peace.