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statement in the charter-"We the peoples of the United Nations"-is fraudulent.

We are not peoples of the United Nations. We owe no allegiance to the United Nations.

As you well know, no people anywhere voted for delegates to represent them at the San Francisco Conference. To the best of my knowledge, no delegate to any U. N. General Assembly or any U. Ñ. commission has ever been elected by the vote of the people.

We feel that an honest statement in the preamble would be "We the Nations of the United Nations."

DOMESTIC JURISDICTION

Then article 2, paragraph 7 provides in part:

Nothing contained in the present charter shall authorize the U. N. to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state. Without the assurance of that protection, the U. N. Charter would not have been ratified by the Senate. When the charter was under consideration, article 2, paragraph 7 was used to allay all fears that the United Nations might assume some control over the purely domestic affairs of the United States and its citizens.

We have not received the protection that article 2, paragraph 7 was intended to provide.

I believe you gentlemen agree with me on this.

At the time the U. N. Charter was ratified by the Senate, it was generally understood that the human-rights provisions of the covenant contained in articles 55 and 56 were merely a statement of high aspiration and purpose. They were not intended to express any legally enforceable obligation.

That assurance was also given to the Senate by administration officials in 1945. We believe that articles 55 and 56 should be amended. The official United Nations view is that all human-rights questions— no matter how local, private, or sacred in character-have ceased to be matters of purely domestic concern within the meaning of article 2, paragraph 7, because human rights were internationalized by articles 55 and 56.

Therefore, these two articles should be amended so as to reaffirm the original understanding to the effect that these articles represent no binding legal obligation on any member state and that the fundamental human rights of the citizens of a nation remain matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of that nation.

AGAINST WORLD GOVERNMENT

Gentlemen, our national society endorsed the original idea of the U. N. as an organization of sovereign nations to preserve peace on earth. We are unalterably opposed to any revision of the charter which could in any manner supersede our United States Constitution so that we would have a world government or even a partial world government.

We insist that our sovereign rights which were given to us at the beginning of our Republic be kept intact.

Thank you so much for your time.
Senator HOLLAND. Senator Smith.

QUESTION OF DOMESTIC JURISDICTION INVASION

Senator SMITH. Of course I share your views very heartily about any interference with the United States Constitution but I am wondering if you can think of any instance where the U. N. has invaded the domestic jurisdiction?

Mrs. HUMPHREY. I did not have any time to go into that, Senator. Senator SMITH. I do not mean at any length, but you do feel there have been occasions?

Mrs. HUMPHREY. Yes, I do. I feel very keenly that UNESCO has entered into the private affairs of our State and I feel that some of our people in the Senate have made statements that UNESCO was trying to get the United Nations into a world government. In fact I have a quote to that effect and that is the reason, as an organization, we have taken a very definite stand that we do not want in any way the charter amended that we should become in any particular a world government because we want America kept for Americans. Senator SMITH. Thank you.

Senator HOLLAND. Thank you, Mrs. Humphrey.

Dean NARMORE. Mrs. R. M. Sutton, Marietta, representing herself. Senator HOLLAND. Mrs. Sutton, you may proceed.

STATEMENT OF MRS. R. M. SUTTON, OF MARIETTA, GA.

Mrs. SUTTON. Thank you, gentlemen. I speak as an individual today but I have been a schoolteacher in Georgia for 19 years and am still a schoolteacher. I am a Sunday-school teacher of an adult class. I am a member of the Georgia Educational Association, the National Educational Association, and the Marietta Educational Association, the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, and the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs.

I am the immediate past president of the United Churchwomen of Marietta, but I am speaking as an individual today.

EXPRESSION OF CONFIDENCE IN U. N.

I am very glad of an opportunity to express my confidence in the United Nations. I sincerely believe that real progress has been made toward better world understanding under the guidance of the United Nations. I believe that the U. N. is proving to the world that it is an instrument dedicated to peace.

I believe that the basic principles of the U. N. are founded on Christian principles. No lasting peace can be built on any other foundation. I believe that in the U. N. America is proving to the world her belief in these principles of Christian democracy and is leading other nations to follow these principles. The U. N. is a forum where world opinion is effectively developed and where world opinion can hold in check the forces that would destroy democracy in the world.

FLEXIBILITY OF PRESENT CHARTER

I believe that the present charter, if properly supported by all members, is flexible enough, and sufficiently adaptable to meet the problems that confront it. I do not think that any revision of the charter is

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necessary at this time. However, if a majority of the other member nations want a review of the charter, I think the United States should cooperate in holding this review.

NEED FOR WIDER DISTRIBUTION OF FACTUAL INFORMATION ON U. N.

I believe that in the United States there is a real need for a wider distribution of factual information on the U. N.

I know that much misinformation has led some conscientious Americans to hestitate to support the work of the U. N. and its agencies.

I think that if the Senate Foreign Relations Committee could lead in educating the American public in the true facts about the U. N. the public would support it even to the greater degree than it is supported today.

UNITED STATES SHOULD USE U. N. WHEREVER POSSIBLE

This support would give the charter greater strength without changing it basically. I think that our foreign policy should include using the U. N. wherever possible.

I am also a daughter of the American Revolution and it is not criticism of the State and local officers but I would like to go on record as being one of the many members of the Daughters of American Revolution who does not agree with the policy of that organization on a national level regarding the United Nations.

ELIMINATION OF VETO ON ADMISSION OF NEW MEMBERS

If a review of a charter is held and if any changes are made in the charter I would be in favor of eliminating the vote on veto of the admission of new members.

I think this is very important. Thank you.

Senator HOLLAND. Thank you. Senator Smith?
Senator SMITH. Thank you very much.

Dean NARMORE. Mrs. LeVerne Sturmer of Atlanta representing the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs.

Senator HOLLAND. Thank you, Mrs. Sturmer. You may proceed.

STATEMENT OF MRS. LE VERNE B. STURMER, ATLANTA, GA., REPRESENTING THE GEORGIA FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

Mrs. STURMER. I am the international relations chairman for the fifth district of the Atlanta Women's Clubs.

The General Federation of Women's Clubs has consistently lent its support

Senator HOLLAND. The audience cannot hear you. I hope you can speak louder, Mrs. Sturmer.

FEDERATION'S SUPPORT FOR U. N.

Mrs. STURMER. The General Federation of Women's Clubs has consistently lent its support to the United Nations, the accomplishments and influence of which in the cause of world peace we feel has been most outstanding.

POSSIBILITIES FOR EXTENDING U. N.'S USEFULNESS

However, it is felt there still remain great possibilities to extend the work and usefulness of the United Nations within the framework of its present charter which proved to be a more flexible instrument than its founders dared hope.

Consequently every possible avenue for further extending this usefulness should most searchingly be explored.

CHARTER REVISIONS NOW MAY JEOPARDIZE U. N.'S USEFULNESS

Then, too, it may well be borne in mind; that opening the charter to revisions at this troublesome time, may unduly jeopardize its present usefulness by subjecting it to measures of extreme obstructionism and ruthless opposition.

Should our Government deem revision of the charter necessary at this time, every precaution must be exercised to further undergird its influence in the cause of world's peace.

Senator HOLLAND. Thank you, Mrs. Sturmer.

Dean ARMORE. Mr. Morris Abram.

STATEMENT OF MORRIS B. ABRAM, ATLANTA, GA., REPRESENTING GEORGIA ASSOCIATION OF B'NAI B'RITH LODGES

Mr. ABRAM. I am Morris Abram, an Atlanta attorney, appearing on behalf of the Georgia Association of B'nai B'rith Lodges.

The Georgia Association of B'nai B'rith Lodges is a statewide association of 15 lodges located in Georgia cities and towns. B'nai B'rith, the parent organization, is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world and is devoted to the principles of brotherly love, harmony, and benevolence.

REVIEW CONFERENCE CAN SERVE WORTHWHILE PURPOSE

I hope the subcommittee will not think me inconsistent as I express pleasure over the prospect of a review conference while proposing no drastic revisions of the U. N. Charter; rather, I believe this is the time to hold what we have and to use what we have.

Through an imaginative foreign policy closely working within the U. N., we may be able to inch toward another conference in 10 years at which organic charter revisions are possible.

On the other hand, a present review conference can serve a very worthwhile purpose. It would focus attention on the U. N. organization, on its achievements and on its failures.

The conference could probe and analyze the reasons for the organization's obvious limitations and perhaps suggest the way to some worthwhile institutional changes.

But, merely because this is the normal time for a charter review conference does not mean that we must either repeal, weaken, or strengthen the charter. Sometimes the wise course is to hold to a good thing and employ it to the maximum.

THE PRESENT WORLD

We recognize that before 10 years have passed the whole world' may have been destroyed by the ungoverned hydrogen bomb. Presently we are living by sufferance. For the first time in history there exists a force sufficient to destroy man; but there is no legal machinery to control that force.

Winston Churchill says that the power of retaliation is the present deterrent. This is, of course, a slender thread of hope on which to encourage the young to marry and to bring children into the world.

Some find in these somber facts the proof that we should pull out of any cooperative efforts to keep the peace; some would even provoke a war on what they regard as a calculated risk that we would be less annihilated than the enemy.

Others find in the terrible dilemma the assurance that the Soviet Union will now join a truly complete and effective world organization. As a religiously orientated organization we, of course, reject any idea of preventive war; as realists we do not believe that the Soviet Union will now submit to effective international control over all armament. We recognize that the Soviet Union is still wedded to world dominion and armament is a highly prized Soviet instrument for that purpose. This makes drastic charter revisions designed to make theU. N. absolutely effective a forlorn hope at this time.

REVIEW CONFERENCE CAN DEVELOP NEW TECHNIQUES IN U. N.

We believe, however, that this period and the process of the review conference may be used to develop new approaches in American foreign policy and new techniques in the present U. N.

Through these the Soviet system may be reluctantly compelled to forego its present objectives which have made substantial charter revision, in our opinion, impractical at this time.

AN OFFENSIVE AGAINST HUNGER, HOPELESSNESS AND TYRANNY

What we propose requires no institutional changes in the U. N. What is required is simply that this country use its God-inspired traditions of freedom and its enormous economic base in a peaceful offensive through the U. N. directed against hunger, hopelessness and tyranny.

The Soviet Union today does not have to cooperate. It is powerful and over the last few years has grown more so as America concentrates on holding the line-keeping communism within certain check points. This is a negative and defensive posture and it is the road to eventual defeat.

This attitude will never force the Communist leaders to abandon ambitions for world conquest, nor to enter the U. N. as sincere members. As long as America is defensive only, the Soviet world cannot lose positions though it may fail to advance for the time being.

How do we mount an objective which could conceivably cause a revision of Soviet objectives and intention? How can we roll back the Soviet influence in China, Korea or areas of southeastern Asia?

Not through war-this is sheer madness and folly. But what if through prudent and well-planned investment and technical assistance

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