NASHVILLE, TENN., September 26-3 P. M. To General U. S. Grant, Washington, D. C.: Governor Brownlow is in Knoxville. Have seen his instructions to General Cooper not to permit the city authorities to hold their election. The mayor is determined to hold an election, in defiance of the State authorities. A collision is inevitable. If I command the peace, my action will be a practical decision against the State authority and against the franchise law. I cannot preserve the peace without interfering in case of collision.

GEORGE H. THOMAS, Major-General, United States Army. General Grant replied as follows:

WASHINGTON, D. C., Septem er 26-4 P. M. Major-General George H. Thomas: You are to prevent conflict. If the Executive of the State issues his proclamation declaring insurrection or invasion to exist, too formidable to be put down by the force at his own command, and calls upon the United States to aid him, then aid will have to be given. Your mission is to preserve the peace, and not to take sides in political differences until called out in accordance with the law. You are to prevent mobs from aiding either party. If called upon legally to interfere, your duty is plain.

U. S. GRANT, General. About ten o'clock P. M., General Thomas received the following from the General-in-Chief: WASHINGTON, D. C., September 26–9 P. M. Major-General George II. Thomas: Nothing is clearer than that the military cannot be made use of to defeat the Executive of a State in en

orders.

forcing the laws of the State. You are not to prevent the legal State force from the execution of its U. S. GRANT, General. This last communication being transmitted to the mayor of Nashville, that official wrote as follows to General Thomas:

I do not know precisely what construction to place upon the above telegram.

I am certainly not conscious of ever having contemplated a resistance to the laws of the State of Tennessee, nor have I desired to defeat the Executive of the State or his efforts to enforce the laws thereof.

I have only designed, if not prevented by armed violence, to hold a strictly legal election in a perfectly peaceful manner and in full accordance with the provisions of the charter of this city.

You are directed by the telegram received "not to prevent the legal State force from the execution of its orders." I shall be pleased if you will inform me explicitly, whether you deem it your duty, under the orders received by you, to uphold General Cooper and his militia, in their threatened attempt to prevent the peaceful holding of the election heretofore ordered

by the corporate authorities of Nashville. If so, I have no choice left me but to yield to the authority of the Government of the United States with a respectful but emphatic protest, however, against the signal and deplorable mistake which I must consider to have been inade in this case, and with the expression of that profound regret, which I cannot but feel, on this grave occasion, in view of the deplorable and ruinous consequences now plainly in store for this devoted city, whose chartered interests I have so long endeavored to protect.

P. S.-I have the honor to ask an early response

to the above communication.

W. MATT BROWN, Mayor of Nashville. After a short delay, General Thomas made the following reply:

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT CUMBERLAND, NASHVILLE, September 27, 1867. Hon. William Matt Brown, Mayor of Nashville : In reply to your inquiry, "whether you (I) deem it your (my) duty, under the orders you (I) have re

ceived, to uphold General Cooper and his militia in the threatened attempt to prevent the peaceful holding of the election heretofore ordered by the corporate authorities of Nashville," I have to say that the proper interpretation of General Grant's telegraphic order is to sustain the State authorities in the execution of their orders. It is not left to me to decide the question of the legality or illegality of the election ordered by you.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, GEORGE H. THOMÁS, Major-General United States Army, Commanding. Soon after the receipt of this, the mayor published the following:

MAYOR'S OFFICE, September 27, 1867. Governor Brownlow having, through General Cooper, notified the city authorities that he would the charter and by-laws of the corporation, and by use force to prevent the holding of an election under the judges appointed by the Board of Aldermen, according to law; and General G. H. Thomas having notified me officially in writing, that he would use the military power of the United States in sustaining the Governor of the State in forcibly preventing a peaceable election; and the city authorities having, under a solemn protest against this most unjust, illegal, and high-handed course, determined to submit to force, but to refuse to recognize the legality of the election which may, under the circumstances, be held; I do, therefore, hereby withdraw my name as a candidate at the election (so called), being unwilling to be understood by my silence as in any way, either as an officer or an individual, lending countenance to such gross violations of law and right. W. MATT BROWN, Mayor.

General Thomas then wrote to the mayor as

follows:

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, NASHVILLE, September 28, 1867. Hon. W. Matt Brown, Mayor, etc.:

SIR: In reply to your communication of this date, received at two o'clock, P. M., I have to state that I did not inform you officially in writing, as stated by you in your communication to the public, published in the papers this morning, that I would use the military power of the United States in sustaining the Governor of the State in forcibly preventing a peaceable election, etc.; but I did state in that communication that the proper interpretation of General Grant's telegraphic order is to sustain the State authorities in the execution of their orders. How these words can be construed as meaning that I intended to use the troops to prevent a peaceable election, I confess I cannot understand. The proclamation of the Governor, and his order to General Cooper requesting him to prevent you from holding an election, and the instruc tions sent to me to sustain him (the Governor) in the execution of his orders, could not be obeyed if both elections were permitted, as you remember that the Governor required General Cooper to prohibit the election under the city charter and you, in your proclamation, declared you would hold said election in defiance of all power except that of the United States. Your obedient servant,

GEO. H. THOMAS, Maj.-Gen. Com'd'g Dep't. Mr. Brown having withdrawn from the contest, the election passed of quietly, and the Radical candidate for mayor was elected. It was the intention of Mayor Brown to hold pos session of the office until this question of legal right had been tested in the courts; but his refusal to give up the office and papers, being fol lowed by a visit from Captain Blackburn, of the State Guards, with the following credentials, he gave way, and the new dynasty prevailed in Nashville:

HEADQUARTERS TENNESSEE STATE GUARDS, NASHVILLE, October 2, 1867. Gen. Joseph A. Cooper, Commanding State Guards: GENERAL: A. E. Alden, Esq., mayor-elect of Nashville, reports to this department that he is resisted in entering upon the office to which he has been elected and qualified. You will therefore aid him with whatever force is necessary to enable him to overcome any illegal resistance or interference he may encounter in entering upon the discharge of his official duties.

By command of Governor BROWNLOW. H. H. THOMAS, Acting Private Secretary. The general commanding having received the foregoing instructions, orders Captain Joseph H. Blackburn, commanding Company "A," First Tennessee State Guards, to proceed at once with his command to the City Hall, and render A. E. Alden, Esq., mayor-elect and qualified, such assistance as is necessary to enter upon the discharge of his official duties.

By command of Brig.-Gen. J. A. COOPER. D. M. NELSON, Colonel and Aide-de-Camp. The Legislature of 1867 met on the first Monday in October. It consists of 25 Republicans. and no Democrats in the Senate, and 79 Republicans and 4 Democrats in the House. One of the first bills passed by this body provides for the repeal of all laws disqualifying persons from holding office or sitting on juries on account of race or color.

At the close of the fiscal year, September 30th, the entire State liabilities amounted to $32,562,323.58, of which $23,601,000 is represented by bonds loaned to railroads. The receipts of the Treasury for the year were $2,336444.94, and the disbursements $1,776,517.33; but owing to some expenditures of money not credited, the actual surplus in the Treasury on the 1st of October amounted only to the sum of $76,922.77.

The common schools of the State are in an unorganized condition, and though a new schoollaw was passed by the last Legislature, some further enactments are required at the present session, and it is expected that a liberal system will be organized at an early date. The State has a school-fund of $500,000 appropriated by an act of 1865-'66, but no benefit has been derived from it during the past year.

Entire tranquillity has not yet been restored to society in Tennessee. Disorders are reported from time to time which are popularly attributed to the exploits of an organization known as the "Ku-klux Klan," which exists in this and neighboring States.

TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. No change has been made in the names and number of the Territories during the year. Indian disturbances have been frequent, and at one time a general and protracted war was imminent; but the tact and prudence of General Sherman, who was intrusted with the whole conduct of affairs in the Indian country, averted open hostilities. Occasional outrages were perpetrated throughout the year. (See INDIAN WAR.) The general features of the Territories have been fully described in previous volumes of this CYCLOPEDIA. All are increasing in population and importance, while their rich products add constantly to the national wealth.

Arizona.-Indian disturbances have continued in this Territory, and interfered materially with its growth and prosperity. Though soldiers are stationed at different points, they have afforded very little protection to settlers, against a foe so uncertain in movement as the Apaches. The most successful operations against these Indians have been conducted by the settlers themselves.

Arizona presents many inducements to settlement. In portions of it there are the very finest of agricultural and grazing lands, and, if the country were free from Indian perils, thousands of farms would be opened from year to year. The climate is delightful and salubrious. Added to this, there are mines of gold, silver, and copper, found already to be profitable to work, while other sections are known to be rich in deposits, which cannot be explored or occupied because of the presence of the Indians.

Recent explorations have proved that the Colorado River is navigable for nearly seven hundred miles, thus affording direct communication with the ocean to portions of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada.

At Buckskin Mountain, about eight hundred miles from the mouth of the river, there is an abundance of the finest pine on each side of the same. The lumber used at the present time along the Colorado is brought from Oregon, and commands $290 per 1,000 feet. By the opening up of the Colorado, Government has already saved thousands of dollars in the transportation of military stores, and a fresh impetus has been given to the resources of Arizona.

Three years since two steamers could do the trade of the Colorado; now, eight are employed, and are insufficient. Thirty-seven ships and one ocean steamer have gone to the mouth of the river within the last six months of 1867, while the trade of San Francisco has increased within the same time over $1,500,000. These are but a few of the results following the enterprise of navigating the Colorado. The Indians along the whole length of the river are friendly and peaceable.

Nearly all of both branches of the Legislature are Republicans. The capital was removed from Prescott to Tucson on the 1st of December. At that time surveying parties of the Union Pacific Railway were in the Territory.

Dakota. The population of this Territory has more than doubled during the year, and the construction of the Pacific Railroad is rapidly adding to its numbers. Indian troubles have been serious, but have been confined to the western part of the Territory, on the road to Montana.

A new gold region is reported to have been found in the Black Hills of Dakota, an outlying group of hills belonging to the Rocky Mountains. Last spring an expedition of miners and scientific men was organized to explore this country, but it would have been exposed to

great danger from the Indians, and would have added to the existing complications with them, and General Sherman stopped it. So strongly, however, are the frontiersmen impressed with a conviction of the mineral and metallic wealth of that country, that a new expedition will be organized, to go in the spring of 1868.

Some of the authorities have proposed to make this valuable Black Hill region an Indian reservation. The Governor is earnestly opposed to such a course. He believes that the Government should induce the Indians to abandon their wandering life, and that putting them in a small reservation, where they would be compelled to labor for their support, would be best for the red men. This reservation might be located north of the Big Cheyenne River.

As yet very little has been done toward developing the mineral resources of the Territory, which are rich and varied. In northeastern Dakota there is a famous quarry of pipe-stone. This rock possesses almost every color and texture, from a light cream to a deep red, depending upon the amount of peroxide of iron. Some portions of it are soft, with a soapy feeling to the touch, like steatite; others slaty, breaking into thin flakes; others mottled with red and gray.

An election was held October 8th, and carried by the Republicans, who obtained a majority of the Legislature, which assembled at Yancton December 12th.

Idaho. The character of the country in this Territory is generally mountainous, although there are numerous fertile, well-watered, and finely-timbered valleys distributed throughout its extent. The largest of these, Boise Basin, contains the richest and most extensive placer mines yet discovered outside the limits of California. It contains also rich and extensive quartz lodes, which give a permanent value to the mineral resources of this region. The climate is mild, and dry and pleasant during the summer and fall seasons; but the greatest drawback is the severity of the weather and the immense fall of snow, which retard mining operations during the winter months. Not withstanding these disadvantages, the growth of the Territory has been rapid, and its prosperity of a permanent character.

No election was held during the year. There are four newspapers published in the Territory..

Montana.-While this Territory is yet in its infancy, and scarcely finds a place on the map, capital and population are pouring into it from every quarter, developing its wonderful resources, and adding to its importance. During the summer season forty-three steamers, filled to their utmost capacity with passengers and freight, arrived at Fort Benton. Overland from the States, from Utah and Idaho, from Oregon and California, there is one steady stream of industry centring in the Territory, made up of a class of hardy men.

It is comparatively a new region, where the

miner must still contend with the Indian and wild beasts for possession of the auriferous soil. Even Helena, the prospective capital, and a flourishing city of eight thousand inhabitants, stands upon a spot where, three years since, not even a miner's cabin was to be seen.

The elevated position of Montana renders the atmosphere light and bracing, and the climate ratlier cold. But, while the winters are severe, they are not susceptible of the unhealthy disagreeable changes of the winters of the Northern States. Cold weather begins in the latter part of October, and continues without interruption until the first of April, when comes the breaking up, and nearly all the rain falls before the first of June, followed by five months of as fine weather as can be found in any of the Northern portion of the Union.

Agriculture suffers under one great disadvantage, and although at present very remanerative, that single drawback will ever prevent Montana from becoming of any importance as a grain-growing country. While the climate of the valleys is favorable to vegetation, and the soil fabulously rich, the lack of rain makes the raising of grain for exportation highly improbable. Every thing must be irrigated; and while such a course puts corn out of the question, the small grains cannot be produced in such quantities and price as to compete with the great agricultural States to the southeast. With the exception of garden vegetables, potatoes are destined to become the staple of husbandry.

The mineral richness of the Territory and its facilities for stock-raising will ever constitute unfailing sources of wealth. At present attention is directed mainly to mining, which has been carried on very successfully.. Gold is not the only mineral that attracts attention. Silver leads on Flint Creek and Blackfoot are especially rich. Copper ore of great purity abounds, and coal and iron exist in unlimited quantities and of excellent quality. Although it is probable that for a long time, mining will attract the attention of the people of Montana, it is evident that the belt of country stretching away from the foot of the Rocky Mountains has facilities for grazing that cannot be always overlooked. The same advantages that now make the keeping of stock of little expense will one day make cattle-raising profitable. The trains of workmules and cattle are all in excellent condition, feeding wholly upon the famous "bunch grass” that grows in great profusion. This bunch grass is equal, if not superior, to the famous blue grass of Kentucky. It continues green and sweet until about the first of August, when it begins to dry up, and before cold weather commences has perfectly cured and is hay, fit for any kind of stock to eat. This remains good all winter, probably because of the absence of rain, and stock are said to look as well in the spring as the housed and grain-fed cattle of the States. The territory contains more than 172,800 square miles. There are 166,340

acres of land under cultivation, and the total assessed value of property, real and personal, is $6,308,118. The debt is $57,555.10.

Politics excite but little attention in the Territory, the people being too busy to regard issues that do not concern their private interests. At the election in September the total vote was 11,692, which was larger than any ever polled by a Territory west of the Missouri River previous to a State organization. This vote indicates a population of over 35,000. Cavanagh, Democrat, was elected to Congress by a majority of 1,108. The Legislature is entirely Democratic in both branches, with the exception of one Republican member of the House.

New Mexico.-An election was held in this Territory during the year for a Delegate to Congress. The total vote given was 17,685, of which Charles P. Clever, Democrat, received 8,891 votes, and J. F. Chaves, Republican, 8,794 votes; majority for Clever, 97. The prosperity of the Territory is increasing, and its civil and political affairs continue without any important change since the previous year. Utah. The Territory of Utah has increased in population and thrift during the year, but no change has occurred in civil or public affairs. The principal city is Salt Lake. Its inhabitants, institutions, and architecture are regulated by the great authorities of the Mormon religious faith. The most important buildings are the Temple and the Tabernacle. The Temple block is forty rods square and contains ten acres. The centre of the Temple is one hundred and fifty-six and a half feet west of the east line of the block. The entire length of the building is one hundred and eighty-six and a half feet, including towers, and the width ninety-nine feet. On the east or front end there are three towers, and corresponding to these are three towers on the west or rear end. The north and south walls are eight feet thick, clear of pedestal. They stand upon a foot wall sixteen feet wide at the bottom, which slopes three feet on each side to the height of seven and a half feet. The footings of the towers rise to the same height as those of the sides, and consist of a solid piece of masonry of rough ashlars laid in good mortar. The basement of the main building is divided into many apartments by walls all resting on broad footings. The line of the basement and floor is six inches above the top of the footings. Of the towers named there are four, one at each corner of the building, cylindrical in shape, seventeen feet in diameter inside, within which stairs, ascend five feet wide, with landings at the various sections of the building. The whole house covers an area of 21,850 square feet. The massive blocks of stone on which the foundations of the Temple are built are granite, hauled a distance of nearly twenty miles, the teams and the labor being furnished by the Saints. It was at one time the purpose of Brigham Young to turn a neighboring river over to the quarry, and

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thence build a canal on which to transport the stone.

Quite as interesting as the Temple is the Mormon Tabernacle, which is built for the use of the immense Mormon congregations which meet every Sunday to hear preaching from the Prophet Brigham Young and his associated apostles. It is in many respects the most remarkable building on the continent of America. It stands on the Temple block, west of the Temple. We may state that it is oval in shape, the interior being, above and below, and all around, shaped like the inside of an egg. It is two hundred and eighty-two feet long by one hundred and thirty-two wide in the clear. The height from floor to ceiling is sixty-five feet; running lengthwise of this egg-shaped affair are forty-four pillars, averaging fourteen feet in height, and three feet thick. Resting upon these pillars are arches of lattice-work and ribs, and each rib requires twenty-four thousand feet of lumber. Each rib has a rise in the centre of fifty-five feet. The entire Tabernacle consumed one and a half million feet of lumber in the building. It will seat ten thousand people. The stand from which the apostles deliver themselves is advanced about sixty-five feet from the west end, being about in one of the foci of the elliptical structure. This stand is divided into sections for the bishops, the president, the twelve apostles, and the first president.

One remarkable structure inside this immense building is the grand organ, standing upon a base twenty-three feet wide by thirty deep. The front of the organ is octagonal in form, rising to the height of forty-five feet. It contains twenty-two hundred pipes, two banks of keys, and thirty-five stops on the register. It contains three thousand five hundred feet of lumber, which was brought on wagons from Iron County, a distance of three hundred miles. The longest piece of lumber used in the pipes of the organ is thirty-five feet.

Washington.-The valleys in this Territory are very productive, and already large crops of wheat and other grains are produced. The estimated population is 15,000. At the election in June the total vote for Delegate to Congress was 4,640. Alvan Flanders, Republican, was chosen by a majority of 96. The Legislature is divided thus: Council Democrats 53, Republicans 4; House-Democrats 16, Republicans 14.

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TEXAS. Owing to the unsettled condition of political affairs, the material interests of this State have not been greatly advanced during the year. Reliable: labor has been obtained with difficulty, and crops have suffered from untoward seasons and the depredations of insects. In some portions of the State: cotton was greatly injured by the worm, while in others grasshoppers almost entirely destroyed the products of the field. The yellow fever prevailed with great fatality at Galveston and other cities, and many fell victims to its viru

lence. The frontier of the State has suffered considerably from Indian incursions; quite a number of persons have been killed, and several have been carried into captivity, while immense amounts of property have been destroyed or taken away. Troops have been sent to the frontier, but not in sufficient numbers. The posts are at great distances from each other, and can afford but little protection, and some of them are barely able to protect themselves. It has likewise been found necessary to scatter troops over the interior to maintain order and afford protection to the inhabitants from violence and outlawry, which the peculiar condition of things seemed to encourage. Notwithstanding these irregularities the financial condition of the State is satisfactory. The total amount received into the Treasury from August 14, 1866, to July 31, 1867, was $626,518.05. The amount disbursed during the same period was $625,151.90. Of the Texan Indemnity Bonds, belonging to the State at the beginning of the war (634 in number), all were disposed of except 255, which were not wholly beyond the reach of the State authorities. These are held by different parties, and efforts to secure their payment have not met with much success. Only $10,351.75 were realized from their conversion during the year, but it is expected that hereafter such arrangements will be made as will enable the State to secure a considerable sum from their sale. The school system has been greatly disorganized, and nothing has been done during the year for its support. From August 31, 1866, to August 1, 1867, different railroad companies have paid to the school fund $54,641.73 in gold. The Board of Administrators of the University of Texas was organized on the 15th of February. No selection of a site for the university has yet been made, but the Board has examined different localities which presented favorable considerations. The penitentiary is well managed, and the financial department in a flourishing condition. The number of convicts on the 1st of March was 414, and 79 were afterward received. Of these 179 were turned over to the Labor Board, and employed on public works at the rate of $12.50 per month in gold and rations, the prison furnishing guards and clothing. A large portion of the indebtedness of the institution has been discharged, and the products of the labor of the convicts have been nearly doubled. The operations of the Land Office have been conducted with industry and ability. From August 13, 1866, to July 31, 1867, there were issued 778 patents, representing 420,745 acres of land and four Austin City lots. There have been issued to the Washington County Railroad Company 132,480 acres in land certificates, to the Texas and New Orleans Railroad 409,600, and to the Galveston, Houston, and Henderson Railroad Company 512,000 acres. The asylums for the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind are in as flourishing a condition as the means appropriated for their

benefit will allow. The Treasurer's report shows the expenditures in the aggregate, viz., $41,199.20; of this amount $35,199.11 is chargeable to the Lunatic Asylum, of which sum $7,687.84 was drawn on an appropriation to purchase property, and fit it up for the reception of lunatic freedmen; $1,200 of this latter sum, not being used, has been replaced in the Treasury, leaving expenditures from appropriations for the Lunatic Asylum at $26,311.37; expenditures for the deaf and dumb, $10,375, and for the blind, $6,325.74. By the Act of Congress, approved March 2d, Texas was made subject to the military authority of the United States, and, with Louisiana, constituted the Fifth Military District, which was placed under the command of Major-General Philip H. Sheridan. General Sheridan's headquarters were at New Orleans, and Texas was more particularly consigned to General Charles Griffin. General Order No. 1, promulgated by General Sheridan, on taking command of this district, March 19, 1867, declares that, according to the provisions of the sixth section of the Act of Congress above cited, the present State and municipal governments in the States of Louisiana and Texas are hereby declared to be provisional only, and subject to be abolished, modified, controlled, or superseded; that no general removals from office will be made, unless the present incumbents fail to carry out the provisions of the law, or impede the reorganization, or unless a delay in reorganizing should necessitate a change. Pending the reorganization, it is desirable and intended to create as little disturbance in the machinery of the various branches of the provisional governments as possible, consistent with the law of Congress and its successful execution; but this condition is dependent upon the disposition shown by the people, and upon the length of time required for reorganization. The following order was promulgated April 15th:

Circular, No. 10.

HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF TEXAS,

GALVESTON, TEXAS, April 15, 1867. § Under the Act of Congress, passed March 2, 1867, to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States, and the supplementary Act thereto, the district commander is required to protect all persons in their rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder, and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace, and criminals.

Jurisdiction of offences may be taken by the local civil tribunals; but where it is evident that the local before them, and render decisions according to the civil tribunals will not impartially try cases brought law and evidence, the immediate military commander will arrest, or cause the arrest of, offenders and criminals, and hold them in confinement, presenting their headquarters, with a view to the said parties being cases in writing, with all the facts secured, to these brought before and tried by a military commission or tribunal, as provided in Section 3 of the Military Bill. By command of Brevet Major-General GRIFFIN. A. II. M. TAYLOR, Second Lieutenant 17th U. S. I.,

A. A. G.

A special order from the same authority de