lished. We must attain (he added) an undisturbed state of constitutional right, in order that the belief of the people in their political privileges may be strengthened, and in order that among them the consciousness may revive that their destinies rest in a just proportion in their own hands. A prosperous issue is only possible through union. All political parties should earnestly unite in the thought that the object in view is to render Austria great and powerful. In the Lower House the president, Herr Giskra, in his opening speech, referred to the period during which the constitution had been suspended, and reminded the House that it had difficult duties to perform-that the principles of equal rights for all nationalities and all religious professions, as well as real constitutional government, must become realities. He also declared that the compromise with Hungary must in an equitable form be carried out in both portions of the empire.

The formal opening by the Emperor took place on May 22d, who delivered on this occasion the following speech:

Honored gentlemen of both Houses of the Reichsrath, with joyful satisfaction I see the Reichsrath once more assembled around me responding to my appeal. The royal and other countries called upon have sent hither their elected deputies, from whose patriotic cooperation I confidently expect fresh guarantees for the welfare of the empire and of all the countries which Providence has placed under my sceptre. What I promised when I for the first time saluted the Reichsrath from this place has remained the unchangeable aim of all my efforts-the establishment of constitutional institutions upon a sure basis. This is what I have unwaveringly kept in view; but precisely this object was not to be attained without first bringing into accord the more ancient constitutional rights of the kingdom of Hungary with the fundamental laws granted by my diploma of the 20th of October, 1860, and my patent of the 26th of February, 1861. The sincere recognition of this fact on the part of this portion of the empire could alone secure to the other kingdoms and provinces, equally full of devotion to the empire, the undisturbed enjoyment of the rights and liberties granted to them by the fundamental laws, as well as a progressive development in accordance with the present age. The heavy blows of fortune which have fallen upon the empire were warnings to act in conformity with this necessity. My efforts were not in vain. A satisfactory arrangement has been found for the countries of my Hungarian crown, which seeures their coherence with the rest of the monarchy, the internal peace of the empire, and its position as a great power abroad. I am animated by the hope that the Reichsrath will not refuse its consent to this arrangement, and that an imperial and careful consideration of all the circumstances in connection therewith will serve to banish from this assembly apprehensions which would cause me serious anxiety were I not firmly persuaded that the honest good-will of all parties will bring the new organization to a successful issue. The past, the present, and the future exhort us to vigorously apply ourselves to the completion of the work which has been begun. The Reichsrath, upon whose patriotic devotion I rely, will, in the present urgent state of things, disdain to shrink from the task of a prompt organization of the relations of the State on the basis now

offered, and will refuse to follow instead an object the fruitless pursuit of which could only offer fresh experiments but no successful results. The Reichs

rath-so must I expect from its justice-will not under-estimate the advantages which have already ropean equilibrium through the course which I have become perceptible in Austria's position in the Euinitiated. The Reichsrath's tried discrimination is my guarantee, for it will finally not ignore how the new order of things must have for consequence equal security for the other kingdoms and provinces, guarantees the constitutional rights and liberties of the provinces of the Hungarian crown. The realization, however, of this prospect is essentially dePaws of the 20th of October, 1860, and the 26th of pendent upon the consolidation of the fundamental February, 1861, in the countries whose representatives are now reassembled here. The unconditional election of deputies to the Reichsrath was, therefore, also an absolute necessity; but as the idea of curtailing the existing right of the different kingdoms and the provinces has been foreign to my mind, so also have I had in view the granting to them, in unison with the Reichsrath, of every extension of their autonomy that will meet their wishes and can be accorded without endangering the whole monarchy. Therefore, in consideration of the arrangement arrived at with the Hungarian representative assembly, in so far as it relates to common affairs, they will be at once submitted to you for adoption. The amendments which have become necessary to my patent of the 26th of February, 1861, together with a bill establishing ministerial responsibility, and a modification of paragraph 12 of the constitution corresponding with the constitutional requirements, will also be laid before you. To these will be added other bills, especially those announced to the Provincial Diet, by our resolution of the 4th of February last. The financial affairs of the empire will claim your most especial attention and constitutional cooperation. You will receive full reports with regard to the extraordinary measures which have been unavoidably necessitated, since the last session of the Reichsrath, by the outbreak of the late destructive war. Satisfactory provision has already been made for the requirements of the current year, so that the Reichsrath, freed from all demand and exigencies of the moment, can at once devote itself to the solution of the important and permanent financial questions now submitted to its deliberations. In consequence of the arrangement with Hungary, it is our urgent care that no portion of our empire shall have cause to complain of being disproportionately taxed. Honored gentleman of both houses of the Reichsrath, to-day we are about to establish a work of peace and of concord. Let us throw a veil of forgetfulness over the immediate past, which has inflicted deep wounds upon the empire. Let us lay to heart the lesson which it leaves behind; but let us derive with unshaken courage new strength and the resolve to secure to the empire peace and power. For this the fidelity of my people, which has been manifested in times of the most urgent need, is my best guarantee. Let not the secret thought of revenge guide our steps. A more noble satisfaction is reserved for us. The better we succeed in our present efforts to change the antagonistic feelings and enmities at present existing, into esteem and respect, the sooner the peoples of Austria, whatever may be their nationality or language, will rally round the imperial standard, and will cheerfully trust to the words of my ancestor, that Austria will endure and prosper, under the protection of the Almighty, until the most distant time.

inasmuch as it surrounds with new and unshakable

The Reichsrath was chiefly divided into two great parties, the "Constitutionalists," who were more or less supporters of the programme of Baron von Beust, and the "Federalists," desiring as large autonomy as possible for the several provinces and nationalities, and

embracing chiefly the Slavi and the ultra Conservatives. The strength of the two parties was about as follows: Bohemia, Federals 14, Constitutionalists 40; Moravia, Federals 3, Constitutionalists 19; Lower Austria, Federals 0, Constitutionalists 18; Upper Austria, Federals 0, Constitutionalists 10; Salzburg, Fed ́erals 0, Constitutionalists 3; Silesia, Federals 0, Constitutionalists 6; Tyrol, Federals 10, Constitutionalists 0; Vorarlberg, Federals 0, Constitutionalists 2; Styria, Federals 3, Constitutionalists 10; Carinthia, Federals 0, Constitutionalists 5; Carniola, Federals 5, Constitutionalist 1; Trieste, Federal 1, Constitutionalist 1; Goertz and Gradisca, Federal 1, Constitutionalist 1; Istria, Federal 1, Constitutionalist 1; Galicia, Federals 34, Constitutionalists, 4; Bukovina, Federals 2, Constitutionalists 3. Total, 75 Federals, 128 Constitutionalists. In reply to the speech from the throne, the Lower House adopted, with only two dissentient votes, an address condemning the suppression of the constitution, at the same time expressing hopes that the relations between Austria and the Hungarian crown-lands would now be happily solved, and that a satisfactory settlement would be arrived at. The address recognizes the duty of the Reichsrath to accept readily the opportunity now offered of coming to an understanding upon the settlement of the relations of the monarchy, but demands guarantees for the Reichsrath's constitutional rights equivalent to those enjoyed by the Hungarian constitution. It also expresses regret at the issue of a law on the reorganization of the army without the previous consent of the representatives of the people. The address further says: "We gladly welcome the promise contained in the speech from the throne of a bill on ministerial responsibility. The right of public meeting and the press laws also require to be regulated in a constitutional spirit. It is undeniable that it is necessary to proceed in a constitutional manner to the revision of the concordat. The Lower House of the Reichsrath will give the most conscientious consideration to the measures to be submitted to it by the minister of finance. Austria requires peace at home and abroad. The value of the successful steps taken by your majesty's Government for the preservation of the peace of Europe is enhanced by your majesty's repudiating any thought of retaliation. Austria finds herself at the turning-point which will prove decisive for the whole of her future existence. The Lower House will endeavor to fulfil the great tasks before it with constant loyalty and devotion. May the conviction penetrate all the Austrian people that only by their united strength is it possible to overcome the difficulties which even in the immediate future may break in upon us!" The Government, through the session of the Reichsrath, showed a desire to act hand in hand with the representatives of the people. Bills on ministerial responsibility and regulating the right of public meetings and the press

laws, and guaranteeing the right of religious worship, were introduced and adopted. The modifications in the fundamental law of February 16, 1861, on national representation which were demanded by the new agreement with Hungary, were also agreed to. Accordingly, the new law on national representation applies to the Cis-Leithan countries only. Its chief provisions are the following: 1. The Reichsrath is composed of the House of Lords and the House of Deputies; 2. Hereditary members of the House of Lords are the heads of the families of the highest nobility, possessing large territorial possessions, and to which the Emperor will grant the hereditary dignity of members of the Reichsrath; 3. Members of the House of Lords are also the archbishops of the countries represented in the Reichsrath, and the bishops possessing the rank of princes; 4. The Emperor reserves to himself the right of nominating as members of the Upper House for life such citizens as have rendered signal service to the State, the Church, to science and art; 5. The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 203 members, as follows: Bohemia 54, Dalmatia 5, Galicia 38, Lower Austria 18, Upper Austria 10, Salzburg 3, Styria 13, Carinthia 5, Carniola 6, Bukovina 5, Moravia 22, Silesia 6, Tyrol and Vorarlberg 12, Istria and Trieste 6.

The revised constitution, as adopted by the Reichsrath and approved by the Emperor, is dated December 21st, and was promulgated as the fundamental law of the empire on December 22d. It is, on the whole, one of the most liberal constitutions of Continental Europe. It recognizes the equality of all citizens before the law, and the equal admissibility of all to all State offices. Every citizen has the right of settling in any part of the territories represented in the Reichsrath, of exercising any trade, of buying and selling real estate, and of taking part and being eligible at the elections held in his place of residence. This provision abolishes the restriction laws which heretofore in several provinces, as the Tyrol, Styria, etc., excluded Protestants, Jews, etc., from settling, purchasing real estate, etc. Moreover, article 14 guarantees full freedom of religion and conscience to every one. Every recognized Church and religious society has the right of public common worship. The members of all religious societies which are not recognized by the State have the right of worship, provided it involves no violation of a law or of good morals. The recog nized churches and religious societies have the right of an independent administration of their internal affairs; and the possession and use of their institutions and funds devoted to objects of public worship, education, and benevolence is guaranteed to them. Science is declared to be free, and every one who can prove his capability has the right of establishing educational institutions. For private instruction no certificate of capability is demanded. The churches and religious societies have the duty to take care

of religious instruction in the public schools, but to the State belongs the right of the supreme administration of the system of public instruction. The right of emigration is secured to all who are not liable to military service. Property is inviolable. Personal freedom, inviolability of a man's home, and of letters, and freedom of religion are guaranteed. Censorship is abolished, and the freedom of the press established. Finally, the equal rights of all nationalities, and their "inalienable" right to the preservation and protection of their nationality and language, and the equal claims of all the languages of the empire to their employment in schools, and official and public life, are acknowledged.

The Reichsrath was also unanimous in demanding the abolition of the concordat of 1855. The bishops strongly remonstrated against such a step, but the Government seemed disposed to grant the demand of the majority of the Reichsrath, and sent, in December, Count Crevelli to Rome to conduct the negotiations with the Papal Government on the subject of the concordat. At the general assembly of the schoolmasters of Austria, held at Vienna, resolutions were passed almost unanimously in favor of the independence of the popular schools, and the emancipation of all schools from the control of the Church.

On June 20th an imperial proclamation was issued, in virtue of which all persons sentenced for political offences since 13th March, 1848, should be fully amnestied. The amnesty also includes all persons guilty of political offences between the above-named date and the amnesty granted on the 15th December, 1866, but against whom proceedings could not be taken on account of absence from the imperial dominions. They are now permitted free return, without any disadvantageous legal resalts.

An imperial rescript of December 27th, addressed to Baron Beust, relieves him from further duties as President of the Council of Ministers for the countries represented in the Reichsrath. His majesty directs him to take the requisite preliminary steps for the establishment of Ministries of Foreign Affairs, War, and Finance for the whole empire, in accordance with the Constitution. At the same time the imperial rescript appoints Baron Becke as Minister of Finance, and orders Baron von Beust and Field-Marshal Lieutenant Baron von John to continue to discharge as ministers for the whole empire the duties they have hitherto fulfilled. Another imperial rescript addressed to Count Andrassy, the prime minister of Hungary, acquaints him with the above-mentioned arrangements, and declares to him that he has earned the thanks of the Emperor for his successful cooperation in bringing about the compromise between Hungary and Austria.

On January 1, 1868, the Official Gazette published an autograph letter from the Emperor to Prince von Auersperg, and to Taaffe, von

Plener, Hasner Potocki, Giskra, Herbst, Brestl, and Berger, naming them ministers. In addition, the Emperor expresses his high recognition of Prince von Auersperg for his services as President of the Chamber of Nobles.

In July, the Reichsrath adopted and the Emperor approved a bill for the election of delegates from that assembly to confer with delegates from the Hungarian Diet, for settling the question of affairs common to Austria and Hungary. The only point which presented any difficulty was the division of the taxes and the public debt. It was finally agreed, in September, by both delegations, that Hungary should pay, for 1868, 36,000,000 florins, and after that year 32,000,000 florins, each country to have the benefit of what it pays off of its share of the debt. At the same time a customs and commercial convention was concluded between Austria and Hungary which treats the whole monarchy as one common customs territory, without any division. "Future commercial treaties with foreign powers will require the sanction of the cis-Leithan and trans-Leithan ministries and legislatures. All Austrian ships will carry the same flag. The representation of maritime interests, as well as the consular system, will henceforth be considered as 'common affairs,' and placed under the jurisdiction of the foreign office. There will be one coinage and one gold standard for both portions of the empire. The duration of the treaty is to be ten years."

The thirteenth annual report of the statistical commission of Austria, which was issued in 1867,. contains a series of interesting and valuable results, showing the strength and losses of the Austrian army in the late war with Prussia. The results are based on the army returns down to the end of August, 1866. The total strength of the establishment was 646,636,-viz., 19,538 officers and 627,098 men. The total force of the regular army engaged in the field was 407,223-viz., 10,932 officers and 396,291 men. The 407,223 strength was distributed as follows:-Infantry, 6,686 officers and 249,243 men. Jägers, 1,118 officers, and 42,871 men. Border infantry, 480 officers, and 16,794 men. Heavy cavalry, 312 officers, and 7,008 men; light cavalry, 883 officers, and 19,807 men; artillery, 513 officers, and 22,245 men; and others, 940 officers and 38,323 men. The casualties which occurred in the war are recorded as follows:-Infantry-officers, 428 killed, 1,138 wounded, and 352 missing; men, 7,997 killed, 21,545 wounded, and 32,710 missing. Jägers-officers, 116 killed, 214 wounded, and 50 missing; men, 1,642 killed, 4,399 wounded, and 6,394 missing. Border infantry-officers, 4 killed, 22 wounded, and 2 missing; men, 68 killed, 328 wounded, and 191 missing. Heavy cavalry-officers, 10 killed, 33 wounded, and 23 missing; men, 148 killed, 205 wounded, and 890 missing. Light cavalry-officers 12 killed, 54 wounded, 32 missing; men, 258 killed, 451 wounded, and 1,573 missing. Artillery-offi

cers, 17 killed, 44 wounded, and 20 missing; men, 292 killed, 868 wounded, and 1,331 missing. Others-officers, 4 wounded; men, 2 killed, 9 wounded, and 175 missing. Totalofficers, 587 killed, 1,505 wounded, and 483

BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS, LL. D., A. A. S., an eminent physicist and author, Superintendent of the American Coast Survey, born in Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport, R. I., February 17, 1867. He was a greatgrandson of Benjamin Franklin, his grandfather, Richard Bache, having married Sarah, the philosopher's only daughter. After receiving the best instruction of the schools of his native city, he entered the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, in 1821, and graduated with the highest honors in 1825, receiving immediately a commission as Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He was employed for the next three years in engineering duties, by the Government, mostly under the superintendence of the late General Totten, in the construction of Fort Adams and other works at the entrance of Narragansett Bay, R. I. In 1827 he was elected Professor of Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained till 1832, when he was appointed by the trustees of the will of Stephen Girard to take charge of the organization of the Girard College, and for this purpose he spent some time in Europe engaged in studying the great schools of the Continent. The report which he published on his return was the most valuable contribution which, up to that time, had been made to our knowledge of European education. He was made president of the future college provided for by the injudicious will of Mr. Girard, but as great delays were experienced in its preparation, and still greater were anticipated, Mr. Bache, in 1839, resigned his connection with it, and became principal of the Philadelphia High School, a public city collegiate institution, then just established, from which situation he was appointed by the Government, in 1843, to the office of Superintendent of the Coast Survey, on the death of Professor F. R. Hassler, by whom this work had been begun nearly thirty years before. The Coast Survey, though now recognized as a work of very great importance, had not been up to this time appreciated; the Government had made frequent changes in its policy in regard to it, and Congress had been so niggardly in its appropriations, that but little more than a beginning had been made. The actual survey had extended eastwardly from New York, only as far as Point Judith, and southwardly only to Cape Henlopen, and the remainder of the coast, but imperfectly known, yielded an ample annual harvest of wrecks, destroying property and life to a vast extent. Professor Hassler, while a man of great scien

missing; men, 10,407 killed, 27,805 wounded, and 43,264 missing, Total officers and men, 10,994 killed, 29,310 wounded, and 43,747 missing. (On the history of the trans-Leithan Provinces of Austria, see HUNGARY.)

tific ability, was of foreign birth, and possessed less capacity than some others to influence and control our National Legislature, and induce them to appreciate the importance and vastness of the enterprise. Professor Bache, on the other hand, was possessed of large scientific acquirements, and of extraordinary abilities for planning and executing an undertaking involving so much comprehensiveness in its design and so much minuteness in its details. He also had those commanding intellectual and moral qualities which enabled him to impress upon the Government, and especially upon the members of Congress, something like a just estimate of what such a work required for its successful accomplishment. Our sea-coast, on the Atlantic alone, was already more extensive than that of any other civilized nation, but in 1845, it was still further lengthened by the annexation of Texas, and in 1848 we came in possession of upward of two thousand miles on the Pacific, by the acquisition of California, since which time our entire seaboard line, exclusive of all but the largest indentations, measures not less than twelve thousand and six hundred miles. To accomplish the complete survey of this long line of coast, and to reduce all its most important features, whether of the water or the land, to a system of maps and charts, in order to meet the necessities of commerce, and to answer the questions of science, was an undertaking of formidable dimensions, far surpassing in importance any other which had then been entered upon by the Government. Professor Bache addressed himself to the work with the utmost zeal, immediately on his appointment as superintendent, in 1843. He formed his plans on a scale proportionate to the magnitude of the enterprise, and its importance to the interests of the country. He divided the whole coast into eleven sections, of which nine were upon the Atlantic and two upon the Pacific, and in the several sections he placed separate parties, each completely organized for carrying forward the survey of that particular portion of the coast-all working together in accordance with plans which he had devised, all guided by his superintending mind, and reporting their results to him as their common chief. The work has thus been prosecuted throughout its whole extent at one and the same time; and though its superintendence became a herculean task, yet its progress has been far more rapid and its success more complete. It has constantly employed hundreds of men of science, and officers of the Army and the Navy, together