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THE

UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE

LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHIC REVIEW.

VOL. IV.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1879.

LONDON:

HURST & BLACKETT, 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W.

OXFORD: SLATTER & ROSE.-CAMBRIDGE: HARRY JOHNSON.-LIVERPOOL, MANCHESTER,
AND BIRMINGHAM: W. H. SMITH & SON.-DURHAM: ANDREWS & Co.-DUBLIN:
GEORGE HERBERT.-EDINBURGH: J. MENZIES & Co.-GLASGOW: PORTEOUS
BROS. ABERDEEN: D. WILLIE & SON.-ST. ANDREWS: W. C. HENDERSON,
PARJS: J. G. FOTHERINGHAM.-NEW YORK: AUG. BRENTANO.
MELBOURNE: G. ROBERTSON.

SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

MDCCCLXXIX.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY F. PHILLIPS,

10, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND,

W.C.

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Greek Wisdom, 71, 221, 359, 443.
Grosvenor Gallery, A Gossip on
the, 66.

Guildhall Conference, The, and the
Law of Nations, 357.

Hagen's Death Song, 453.
Harrison, W. H., 113.

History, Science, and Dogma, Author
of, 526, 641.
Hopkins, Tighe, 1, 206.

Ichabod, 257, 404, 540, 660.
Industrial Relationships, 1.

Kroeker, Kate Freiligrath, 241, 284,
453.

Lever, Charles, 580.
Lyra Incantata, 492.

Man and Animals in Nature, 699.
Marston, C. N., 78.

McCarthy, Justin, Contemporary
Portraits, 182.

M'Clintock, L., 101, 214.
Merivale, Herman C., 148.
Moffett, B., 129.

New Contributor, A, 14, 150, 308,
454, 600, 720.

Nightingale, Address to the, 539.

Old Master, My, 741.

Over the Threshold, 14, 150, 308,
454, 600, 720.

Payne, John, 181.

Phædra, The Sickness of, 716.
Philosopher's Stone, The New, 385.

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THE

UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE.

JULY, 1879.

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONSHIPS.

WE would contend in the first place that the question of which this article treats need not and should not occupy the specialist solely. It offers aspects which may be studied with profit by each individual observer; for it belongs to and enters into the daily life of every member of society. The strained and depressed condition of affairs brings it home to all of us; and this it may be hoped is sufficient apology for a paper which professes to be neither scientific nor politico-economic in its method of treatment, but simply to embody, as shortly and non-technically as possible, the observations of a single on-looker.

Every age has presented extremes of the relations existing between employers and employed. Glancing back to earlier stages of society, it is seen with sufficient clearness that the masters then ranged themselves under two broad but well-defined classes. There was the paternal or patriarchal form of masterhood, in which the lord of the soil regarded himself as bound to care for the wants of his dependents, and personally to order their lives. His slaves were his family, to whom was due something of fatherly protection

and guidance. But in return for the exercise of paternal duties there was demanded of the entire retinue an obedience, absolute, even in the smallest things of life. The servant was wholly his master's. True he was called upon to put forward no effort for his own support, his cravings of body were satisfied; his person was protected from the violence of a neighbouring lord; but to balance these, which, in a rude uncivilised age, were great and undoubted advantages, he yielded up his independence, his very manhood, to the will of his sovereign master. Free will, the exercise of individual desires, were unknown in the field or the hut of the peasant. But the patriarchal quality was not a universal characteristic of the ancient landowner. The relations of master and man were coloured by and solely dependent upon the personal nature of the former; and we find in many instances the exact converse of the paternal rule. Where the lord was brutal and tyrannous, the relations were those of the harshest over-mastering despotism on the one side, and cringing worm-like servility and submission on the other. The labourer was the poorest and meanest of human

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