its beams form a glory, penetrate into all parts of the universe, and refer to the importance of its centre.

Sterne. Stars.-The Master Mason, like the starry firmament, ought to be able to enlighten the younger brethren. Seven stars remind us that seven brethren make a perfect lodge. Stars are also employed principally as symbols of great intellectuality, and this symbol has been perpetuated from the most remote antiquity. The decoration of most spiritual and temporal orders consist of a star.

Stettin.-St. John's Lodge Perfect Union, constituted 18th March, 1762, by the Grand Lodge the Three Globes at Berlin. It was united with the St. John's Lodge at the Three Compasses, belonging to the same Grand Lodge, and from these two was formed the St. John's Lodge, at the Three Golden Compasses, also under the Grand Lodge the Three Globes at Berlin; the 18th March, 1762, being celebrated as the day of constituting. Scottish Lodge, at the Sparkling Morning Star, founded 5th December, 1764, by the above-named Grand Lodge. Provincial Grand Lodge of Pomerania, founded by the National Grand Lodge at Berlin, and closed in 1815. St. John's Lodge, at the Three Gold Anchors, constituted 3rd March, 1770, by the National Grand Lodge at Berlin. St. John's Lodge, Love and Truth, constituted 12th December, 1812, by the same Grand Lodge.

Steward.-The stewards are those officers who have charge of the expenditure of the lodge in refreshment, &c. Every lodge has two; and in many lodges it is customary for the stewards to do the honours of the lodge in receiving distinguished visitors and grand officers, and seeing them properly accommodated. They must be Master Masons, for they have the principal voice in laying out the funds of the lodge. Steward's Logen. Steward's Lodges.-Some Grand Lodges have Grand Stewards' Lodges under them, whose chief officer is a Grand Steward. They are commonly formed of the stewards of the Grand Lodge, the stewards of the other lodges belonging to the same Grand Lodge, and other brethren who are elected by themselves. They have their own W. M., Wardens, Secretary, &c. As in their meetings they only discuss and arrange festivals and money matters, and not real Freemasonry, many Grand Lodges consider Stewards' Colleges to be a more appropriate appellation.

Stiftungs-oder Einweihungs-Fest einer Loge. Foundation or Consecration-day of a Lodge.-The day of forming or founding a lodge is the day on which it is either admitted into the books of a Grand Lodge, or the day on which the brethren first meet and agree to form a lodge. The day of consecration, on the contrary, is the one on which light is first brought into the lodge, and the first solemn lodge is held by the brethren. One or the other of these days was annually held as a festival by the brethren of the lodge; and as it is frequently the case that none of those who laid the foundation of the building, and who first taught how it was to be carried on, are in existence, it is a most solemn festival. On this occasion the building must be duly surveyed, and those parts which have become decayed by age must be repaired. When this has been properly done-when the Great Architect of the Universe has been thanked for the blessings he has conferred upon the lodge and its members during the year which has passed-when His assistance has been earnestly implored for the time to come, and when the members have most solemnly pledged themselves zealously to devote themselves to His service then, and not till then, can they go cheerfully to the

banquet; for, by holding a masonic banquet alone, no lodge can duly celebrate this festival.

Stipendien.-Exhibitions are given by some lodges to young students, especially to the sons of poor brethren. The Grand Lodge at the Three Globes in Berlin gives two of them, one as a monument to the departed Grand Master, Provost Zollner, and the other as a fraternal gift from the Graffen Malachowsky.

Stockholm.-National Grand Lodge of Sweden, under which work, in Stockholm, Scottish Lodge Northern Circle, St. John's Lodge Northern Festa, St. John's Lodge St. Erich, and other lodges, not only in Sweden, but also out of Europe. In 1746, the above lodges caused a medal to be struck upon the birth of Gustavus III.; on the obverse, Minerva floating in the clouds with a shield, in the centre of which was the letter G; at her feet was a globe, and other masonic tools; at her head the inscription Tanto Numine. Below were a few words on the birth of the prince. Reverse, seven steps of masonic work, over which was a rising sun, and above, were the words: ex extitit lux Gen. I.; below, 13th January, MDCCXLVI. A second medal was struck by the lodges on the birth of the Princess Sophia Albertine, 1753; at the same time the foundation-stone of the foundling hospital, founded by the brethren, was laid. The obverse represented Pharoah's daughter rescuing Moses, with the inscription: Servavit Regia Nata. Reverse, the following inscription: Inter publ. guadia ex Sophia Albertina Svec. Regis Primogenità infantualis egenorum prospexit pietas lib. fratr. mur. Holmiae, 1753,

Strafen. Punishments.-Those Freemasons who violate the laws of the country in which they reside, are either suspended, excluded, or proscribed. The lodge, nevertheless, never usurps the place of the magistrate or judge, as it has been formerly accused of doing. It rather directs the attention of the officers of justice to those brethren upon whom remonstrances are of no avail, and whom it is compelled to exclude.

Stralsund.-St. John's Lodge Gustav Adolph, at the Three Beams, constituted 22nd March, 1797, and held under the Grand Lodge in Stockholm until 1815, when it affiliated itself with the Grand Lodge Royal York, in Berlin. Scottish Lodge, at the Four Elements, united with the St. John's Lodge Gustav Adolph. The seven years' war brought many Swedish brethren together in this place, especially on the 3rd June, 1757, in memory of which the lodge caused a medal to be struck. On the obverse is a shield, with an armed flying griffin, surrounded with masonic work-tools, and the inscription: Ordo Frat. Mur. Sund. Pom. F. F. The reverse contains the sun, earth, and moon, with the inscription: Itinere Concordi.

Stricte Observance-oder Templeherren System. Knights Templar System. The appellation was given to an union of several lodges, which wrought according to a system of their own, called the Strict Observance, or Knights Templar system. This system was first made known in Germany, about the year 1762, by the Baron von Hund, who stated that he had discovered it in Paris, in 1742. Although it was wrought about the same time by the Herrn von Marshall, in Germany, and a Knights Templar Chapter had been held in Unwurden, in Oberlausitz; yet it was nevertheless the Baron von Hund who really propagated the system. The union obtained the name of the Strict Observance, because it was believed to work according to a very ancient and a very

strict system. The lodges which did not belong to this union were called Lax Observance Lodges. The system of the Strict Observance was a great deal in use in 1772, when the Herzog Ferdinand von Braunschweig accepted the office of Grand Master, to which he had been elected. He maintained the Order until the Williamsbader Convent, 1782, when the brethren who were deputed to represent the lodges at that convent determined to reject it. The union of the lodges continued to exist until the death of the Herzog, in 1792, and is even yet not quite extinguished. The Direction Lodge, or Managing Lodge, was at Brunswick, under the eye of the Herzog, and from thence there were dependant about one hundred very important lodges, out of which number we have it in our power to name the following, viz:— Aachen, Aix la Chapelle, zur Bestândigkeit.

Altona, Juliana zu der 3 Lôwen.

Anclam, Julius zu der 3 empfindsamer Herzen.
Bayreuth, zur Sonne.

Berlin, zu den 3 Weltkugeln; zur Eintracht; zun flammenden
Stern; zu den Seraphinen; zur Verschweigenheit.

Bieberich, zur bestândigen Einigkeit.

Braunschweig, zur gekrônter Sâule.

Bremen, zum silbernen Schlussel.

Breslau, Friederich zum goldenen Scepter.

Cassel, zun gekrônter Lowen.

Christiana, St. Olaus.

Côln Amkhein, zu den 3 Lilien.

Coslin, Maria zum goldenen Schwert.

Copenhagen, Zorababel; Freidereich zur gekronten Hoffnung.

St. Croix, à la sainte Croix.

Dantzig, Eugenia zum gekronten Lôwen.

Diez, Wilhelm zur aufgehenden Sonne.

Dresden, zu den 3 Schwerten; zu den wahran Freunden.

Eisenach, Caroline.

Elbing, 3 Kronen.

Erlangen, Libanon zu den 3 Cedern.

Frankfurt an Main, zu den 3 Distelu.

Glatz, zu den 3 Trianglen.

Gôrlitz, aur gekrônten Schlange.

Gôttingen, August zu den 3 Flammen.

Gûben, zu den 3 Sâulen.

Halle, zu den 3 Degen.

Hamburgh, Absalom zu den 3 Nesteln; St. George zu Fiette;

Emanuel zur Maienblume; Ferdinand Caroline.

Hannover, zum weissen Pferde.

Hasenpoth, zur grûner Flagge.

Hermaunstadt, St. Andreas zu den 3 See-blâttern.

Hildeshein, Ferdinand zur gekrönten Sâule.

Husum, Karl zur guten Hoffnung.

Kièl, Louise zur gekrônten Freundschaft.

Klattau, zur Aufrichtigkeit.

Kôningsberg, zu den 3 Kronen.

Leipzig, Minerva zu den 3 Palmen.

Lemberg, Zwei Logen.

Linz, Joseph zun Kaiserl Adler; zu den 3 Standarten; zu den 3

weissen Adlern.

Magdeburg, zun Glückseligkeit.
Marburg, zum gekrônten Lôwen.
Marienberg, Berg-loge.

Marienburg, zum gekrônten Lôwen.
Meinungen, Charlotte zu den 3 Nelken.
Memel, zu den 3 Kronen.

Mitau, zu den 3 gekrönten Schwertern.
Naumberg, zu den 3 Hammern.

Neu Brandenburg, zum gekrônten Greife.
Nieder-Zaucha, zum gekronten 7 Gestern.
Nürnberg, l'Union.

Odensee, St. Knud zum goldnen Lindwurm.
Osten, zur goldnen Himmelskugel.

Petersburg, zum Phonix.

Prag, zu den 3 gekrônten Sternen; Casimir; zu den 3 gekrönten

Sâulen.

Pyrmont, Friederich zu den 3 Quellen.

Querfurt, Minerva zu den 3 Lichtern.
Rendsburg, Josua zum Korallenbaum.
Riga, zum Schwert.

Rostock, zu den 3 Sternen.

Sachsenfeld, zu den 3 Rosen.

Schleswig, Salomo zum goldnen Lômen.

Schmideberg, zu den 3 Felsen.

Stargard, Auguste zur goldenen Krone.

Stettin zu den 3 gekrônten Zirkeln.

Strasberg a la Candeur & au parfait Silence.

Stuttgard, Karl zu den 3 Cedern.

Warschau zu den 3 Helmen.

Wien, zu den 3 Adlern, & zum Palmonbaum.
Wisman zu den 3 Lôwen.

The principal idea was to re-introduce the Knights Templar system; or rather the promoters of this system maintained that the Knights Templar were Freemasons, and that the last Order, after the breaking up of the Knights Templar, only adopted another name. When the members of the above-named lodges wished to enter the inner or higher Order-that of the Knights Templar, which was in those lodges called a high Order-they first had to go through a certain noviciate. They then became Equites, Socii, Armigeri, Commendatores, Præfecti, SubPriores, and Priores. There was even a certain number who, secundam regulam St. Bernardi Clarevallensis, made a formal cloisterical profession, and swore to pay a monkly obedience. Equites professi, another sort of modern Knights Templar were the so-called Clerici, under which name the chief Court Chaplain Stark endeavoured to re-introduce the Order into Darmstadt, but failed.

Studenten Orden. Students' Orders.-These Orders have nothing whatever in common with Freemasonry, yet because they are called secret societies, they are also introduced here. As early as the 14th June, 1793, they were strictly prohibited by the Richtstage at Rendsburg, and the rectors of the colleges closed some, without being able entirely to eradicate them. There are several of these Orders, but the most important are the so called Unitists and Constantists. The objects of these societies are not mysterious, neither are there any political, religious, nor even spiritual or literary designs in view. It is

& union of young men, which has endeavoured to give itself stability by an oath and a few unimportant ceremonies of admission, thus to strengthen its own members, and make them more important in the eyes of their fellow-students. This power and importance was not to be obtained by superior strength of mind, or a higher degree of mental cultivation, but by mere bodily strength, or physical force to overpower every opposing body. In their statutes it is true the brethren were exhorted diligently to attend the academical lectures-to make a good use of their time when at home-to run into no unnecessary expenseto oppress no one, &c. Yet those statutes were entirely disregarded. It was of infinitely more importance to consider any insult upon one of the brethren as an insult to the whole body, and never to rest until the person who had been, or who fancied himself insulted, was avenged to his own satisfaction. Even Unitists and Constantists very frequently fought together; and when such was the case, it was generally a much more severe contest than those which arose against the uninitiated. On leaving the university, the connection with these orders ceased. A third order connected with the universities is the Black Brethren, which is governed by its own officers, and has several degrees. On the origin, inward constitution, and extension of the Students' Orders, see Lauckhard's work, Halle, 1799, by Kramen.

Stuttgard.-St. John's Lodge, zur Eintracht, and Scottish Lodge, Carl zu den 3 Cedern. Both were united, and, in 1784, were closed. On the 17th of July of that year, they made public that local circumstances had compelled them to dissolve the lodge, and that they had repaid to every brother his initiation fees through all the degrees.

Suchender. Candidate is the title of those who are permitted to draw near to the outward post, and to seek to gain admittance. His probation has then only commenced, and he is not permitted to hope until he is declared worthy to be admitted.

Süden. South.-The due course of the sun is from east to south and west; and after the Master, are placed the Wardens, to extend his commands and instructions to the west and the north. From the east the sun's rays cannot penetrate into the north and the west at the same time.

Suspension. One of the punishments pronounced upon a brother who has wilfully violated any of the rules of the Order, and who is suspended for a few months, or even for a year, during which time he is not allowed to visit the lodge.

Swedenborg Emanuel, Von.-Was born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1689, son of the Bishop of West Gothland. He studied theology, philosophy, mathematics, and natural history, made several extensive foreign journies, and in 1714 was appointed to the Bergwerk Collegium.* Here he obtained so great celebrity by his discoveries in mechanics, and publishing a number of mineral and mathematical works, that in 1719 he was raised to the ranks of the nobility, by the title of Von Swedenborg. But in 1743, after, as he says, the Lord had appeared unto him, he gave up his office, lived in communion with angels and spirits, was the founder of a new sect, the Swedenborgians, openly published his discoveries in the spiritual world, and died in London on the 29th March, 1772, with the character of a truly pious man, which he bore through life. He looked

In almost all foreign countries the mines and minerals are wrought under the superintendance of a person who has been educated for that especial purpose in the Miner's College, or Bergwerk Collegium.-TRANSLATOR.