cations unto the fourth finger, he confines not that practice unto the left, but varieth the side according to the nostril bleeding. So in fevers, where the heart primarily suffereth, we apply medicines unto the wrists of either arms; so we touch the pulse of both, and judge of the affections of the heart by the one as well as the other. And although in dispositions of liver or spleen, considerations are made in phlebotomy respectively to their situation; yet when the heart is affected, men have thought it as effectual to bleed on the right as the left; and although also it may be thought a nearer respect is to be had of the left, because the great artery proceeds from the left ventricle, and so is nearer that arm, it admits not that consideration. For under the channel-bones the artery divideth into two great branches, from which trunk or point of division, the distance unto either hand is equal, and the consideration also answerable.

All which with many respective niceties, in order unto parts, sides, and veins, are now become of less consideration, by the new and noble doctrine of the circulation of the blood.7

And therefore Macrobius, discussing the point, hath alleged another reason; affirming that the gestation of rings upon this hand and finger, might rather be used for their conveniency and preservation, than any cordial relation. For at first (saith he) it was both free and usual to wear rings on either hand; but after that luxury increased, when precious gems and rich insculptures were added, the custom of wearing them on the right hand was translated unto the left; for, that hand being less employed, thereby they were best preserved. And for the same reason, they placed them on this finger: for the thumb was too active a finger, and is commonly employed with either of the rest; the index or forefinger was too naked whereto to commit their precosities, and hath the tuition of the thumb scarce unto the second joint: the middle and little finger they rejected as extremes, and too big or too little for their rings, and of all choose out the fourth, as being least used of any, as being guarded on either side,

All which, &c.] First added in 6th edition.

and having in most this peculiar condition, that it cannot be extended alone and by itself, but will be accompanied by some finger on either side. And to this opinion assenteth Alexander ab Alexandro, annulum nuptialem prior ætas in sinistra ferebat, crediderim nè attereretur.

Now that which begat or promoted the common opinion, was the common conceit that the heart was seated on the left side; but how far this is verified, we have before declared. The Egyptian practice hath much advanced the same, who unto this finger derived a nerve from the heart; and therefore the priest anointed the same with precious oils before the altar. But how weak anatomists they were, which were so good embalmers, we have already shewed. And though this reason took most place, yet had they another which more commended that practice: and that was the number whereof this finger was an hieroglyphick. For by holding down the fourth finger of the left hand, while the rest were extended, they signified the perfect and magnified number of six. For as Pierius hath graphically declared, antiquity expressed numbers by the fingers of either hand: on the left they accounted their digits and articulate numbers unto an hundred; on the right hand hundreds and thousands; the depressing this finger, which in the left hand implied but six, in the right indigitated six hundred. In this way of numeration, may we construe that of Juvenal concerning Nestor.

Qui per tot sæcula mortem

Distulit, atque suos jam dextrâ computat annos.

And however it were intended, in this sense it will be very elegant what is delivered of wisdom, Prov. iii. "Length of days in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and honour."

As for the observation of Lemnius, an eminent physician, concerning the gout, however it happened in his country, we may observe it otherwise in ours; that is, chiragrical persons do suffer in this finger as well as in the rest, and sometimes first of all, and sometimes no where else. And for the mix

8 and having, &c.] This is not true. -Wr.

But indeed, Mr. Dean, it is true.

The annularis is the only finger in the human hand, not possessed of the power of separate movement.

ing up medicines herewith, it is rather an argument of opinion than any considerable effect; and we as highly conceive of the practice in diapalma; that is, in the making of that plaster to stir it with the stick of a palm.

CHAPTER V.

Of the Right and Left Hand.

It is also suspicious, and not with that certainty to be received, what is generally believed concerning the right and left hand; that men naturally make use of the right, and that the use of the other is a digression or aberration from that way which nature generally intendeth. We do not deny that almost all nations have used this hand, and ascribed a preeminence there to: hereof a remarkable passage there is in Genesis: "And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand towards Israel's left hand, and Manasses in his left hand towards Israel's right hand. And Israel stretched out his right hand and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasses' head, guiding his hand wittingly, for Manasses was the first-born. And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him, and he held up his father's hand to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasses' head; and Joseph said, not so my father, for this is the first-born: put thy right hand upon his head." The like appeareth from the ordinance of Moses in the consecration of their priests; "Then shalt thou kill the ram, and take of his blood, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and upon the tip of the right ear of his sons, and upon the thumb of the right hand, and upon the great toe of the right foot, and sprinkle the blood on the altar round about." That

men naturally, &c.] Cann this be denyed? or yf there be some exceptions, i. e. aberrations from the generall rule,

doe they not the more confirme itt? Omnis exceptio stabilit regulam in non exceptis, is an axiome invincible.-Wr.

the Persians were wont herewith to plight their faith, is testified by Diodorus; that the Greeks and Romans made use hereof, beside the testimony of divers authors, is evident from their custom of discumbency at their meals, which was upon their left side, for so their right was free, and ready for all service. As also from the conjunction of the right hands and not the left, observable in the Roman medals of concord. Nor was this only in use with divers nations of men, but was the custom of whole nations of women; as is deducible from the Amazons in the amputation of their right breast, whereby they had the freer use of their bow. All which do seem to declare a natural preferment1 of the one unto motion before the other; wherein notwithstanding, in submission to future information, we are unsatisfied unto great dubitation.

For first, if there were a determinate prepotency in the right, and such as ariseth from a constant root in nature, we might expect the same in other animals, whose parts are also differenced by dextrality: wherein notwithstanding we cannot discover a distinct and complying account; for we find not that horses, bulls, or mules, are generally stronger on this side. As for animals whose fore-legs more sensibly supply the use of arms, they hold, if not an equality in both, a prevalency ofttimes in the other, as squirrels, apes, and monkeys; the same is also discernable in parrots, who feed themselves more commonly by the left leg; and men observe that the eye of a tumbler is biggest, not constantly in one, but in the bearing side.

2

There is also in men a natural prepotency in the right, we cannot with constancy affirm, if we make observation in children; who, permitted the freedom of both, do ofttimes confine unto the left, and are not without great difficulty

1 natural preferment.] Ed. 1646 has "naturall preheminency and preferment." ---On which Dean Wren says, "Granting this natural preeminencye, confirmed by Scripture soe evidentlye, all the rest is but velitation: for that which God and nature call right, must in reason bee soe cald; and whatsoever varys from thence is an aberration from them bothe.

2 That there is, &c.] Alex. Ross asserts roundly, that Scripture, general con

sent, experience, and reason, unite in ascribing superior dignity, agility, and strength, to the right side; "because,' (says he,) "on the right side is the liver, the cistern of blood," &c. &c."— Arcana, p. 153.

3 do ofttimes, &c.] This vitiosity proceeds from the maner of gestation: servants and nurses usually carry them on their left arme, soe that the child cannot use its right, and being accustomed to

restrained from it. And therefore this prevalency is either uncertainly placed in the laterality, or custom determines its indifferency. Which is the resolution of Aristotle, in that problem which enquires why the right side, being better than the left, is equal in the senses; because, saith he, the right and left do differ by use and custom, which have no place in the senses. For right and left, as parts inservient unto the motive faculty, are differenced by degrees from use and assuefaction, according whereto the one grows stronger and ofttimes bigger than the other. But in the senses it is otherwise; for they acquire not their perfection by use or custom, but at the first we equally hear, and see with one eye, as well as with another. And therefore, were this indifferency permitted, or did not constitution, but nature, determine dextrality, there would be many more Scevolas than are delivered in story; nor needed we to draw examples of the left from the sons of the right hand, as we read of seven thousand in the army of the Benjamites.* True it is, that although there be an indifferency in either, or a prevalency indifferent in one, yet is it most reasonable for uniformity and sundry respective uses, that men should apply themselves to the constant use of one; for there will otherwise arise anomalous disturbances in manual actions, not only in civil and artificial, but also in military affairs, and the several actions of war.

Secondly, the grounds and reason alleged for the right are not satisfactory, and afford no rest in their decision. Scaliger, finding a defect in the reason of Aristotle, introduceth one of no less deficiency himself; ratio materialis, (saith he) sanguinis crassitudo simul et multitudo, that is, the reason of the vigour of this side is the crassitude and plenty of blood; • Benjamin Filius Dextræ.

the left, becomes left-handed. But among the Irishe, who cary their children astride their neckes, you shall rarely see one left-banded of either sex.-Wr.

the constant, &c.] Wise men count them unlucky that use the left hand, as going contrary to the generall course of nature in all places of the world and all times since the creation. And although

the heathen drew a superstitious conceyte from don* first on the left side rather then the right, yet that sprang from an apprehension of disorder in soe doing, and consequentlye (as they thought) unlucky, as in that of Augustus, Lævum sibi prodidit cultrum præpostere indutum quo die militari tumultu afflictus.-Wr.

Some omissión or error here.