The CHAIRMAN. If she sends a statement in, we will give consideration to it.

Has Mr. Martin Miller come in yet? [No response.]

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. W. Ogg, of the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Mr. OGG. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. You asked for a very brief time, as I understand it. Mr. OGG. President O'Neal is unable to be here this morning and requested that I present this statement to the committee on his behalf.

STATEMENT BY EDWARD A. O'NEAL, PRESIDENT, AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, SUBMITTED BY W. R. OGG

Mr. OGG. Mr. Chairman, and members of the committee, on behalf of the American Farm Bureau Federation, representing approximately 830,000 farm families, comprising about 3%1⁄2 million farm people in 45 States, I wish to strongly endorse and support the United Nations Charter for an international organization, which was unanimously adopted by representatives of 50 nations of the world at the Conference in San Francisco.

At the last annual meeting of the American Farm Bureau Federation, held in Chicago, December 12-14, 1944, voting delegates elected by farmers from every section of the Nation unanimously adopted a resolution favoring

the participation of the United States in a general international organization for maintaining world peace, in accordance with the broad principles contained in the plans developed at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference,

and also urged that

the United States should accept its rightful share of the responsibility with the proper executive authority for the enforcement of the decisions of the Security Council, by military force if necessary.

The United Nations Charter, as finally adopted at the San Francisco Conference, not only embodied the fundamental principles of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals, but improved and strengthened these proposals.

One of the most important improvements was to strengthen the role of the Economic and Social Council, which is to deal with international economic and social problems. Economic difficulties constitute one of the most important causes of wars. It is therefore very important to bring about a solution of international economic and social problems, which will lessen the likelihood of future wars.

A unique feature of the San Francisco Conference was the designation of consultants representing 42 national organizations constituting a cross section of American life-labor, industry, agriculture, churches, education, veterans, etc.-to consult with the American delegation, and submit recommendations to it. These consultants made numerous recommendations, most of which were accepted and were written into the Charter. As one of the consultants, I wish to take this opportunity to commend the members of the American delegation for their able, constructive statesmanship and their splended unity and teamwork, free from all partisanship.

No one contends, of course, that this Charter is perfect, but the fact that 50 nations could finally reach unanimous agreement on so many complex and difficult problems is a monumental achievement in world history. Like our own Federal Constitution, it will need to be amended from time to time, in the light of experience and changing conditions.

I believe that farm people and the American people, generally, overwhelmingly favor the United Nations Charter. I sincerely hope that it will receive the speedy and unanimous approval of this committee and of the United States Senate. At this crucial time, the United States of America, with all its tremendous powers and prestige, has a great responsibility, not only to ratify the proposed Charter, but to assume its proper responsibilities and leadership in making this international organization work successfully. Peace-loving peoples throughout the world are looking hopefully and prayerfully to this United Nations Organization to prevent future wars and to enable nations to cooperate in the ways of peace, freedom, justice, and security. The destruction and suffering that would result from another world war in 25 years cannot be tolerated.

Let us heed the warning of that grand old man, Gen. Jan Christian Smuts, who played an active role in the old League of Nations and again in the San Francisco Conference. In an eloquent appeal at the San Francisco Conference, he declared:

For there can be no doubt any more that for us, for the human race, the hour has struck. Mankind has arrived at the crisis of its fate-the fate of its future as a civilized world. We, the peacemakers, we, the peacebuilders, dare not disappoint the hopes and prayers of a whole suffering world, centered on us here. Both the past and the future appeal to us. We dare not fail after what the valor of our millions of heroes has achieved. Let us see to it that their devotion and sacrifices, and those of many more millions of the civilian populations, are not once more in vain.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much. You had a resolution. Do you want to put that in the record?

Mr. OGG. Yes, sir. I would like to have that inserted in the record. The CHAIRMAN. It will be put in the record at this point. (The resolution is as follows:)

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, CHICAGO, ILL., DECEMBER 14, 1914

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Another war within 25 years cannot be tolerated. Past policies have not been effective in maintaining world peace. It therefore behooves every thoughtful citizen to be courageous in developing plans to prevent future wers. This is an extremely diff cult and involved problem. Honest differer ces of opinion will exist among nations and among individuals within nations. These differing opinions must be fully expressed; then, after thorough discussion, constructive plans for international cooperation must be developed. Sirce these plans by recessity will be the result of compromising many conflicting interests, complete agreement by all citizens on all details cannot be expected. These minor differences should not prevent cooperation by this Nation on sound international proposals.

Due to a combination of many factors, this Nation is in a position of world leadership. We cannot shirk cur responsibility to future generations.

We believe that one of the greatest contributions that this Nation can make to the world is to remain the citadel of democracy, liberty, and free enterprise. We must conduct our domestic economy in such a manner that this Nation will prosper and thus contribute to the prosperity of the world. The furnishing of vast amounts of relief in the form of goods or money over an extending period of time will aggravate, rather than solve, international problems. We must be

willing to lend a helping hand to weaker nations by setting an example for them to follow in the organization of their domestic economy, by sharing our technical skills, and helping them to help themselves create a fuller and more abundant life. We specifically recommend cooperation with other nations along the following lines:

1. A

GENERAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MAINTAINING WORLD PEACE

The American Farm Bureau Federation favors the participation of the United States in a general international organization for maintaining world peace, in accordance with the broad principles contained in the plans developed at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference.

The United States should accept its rightful share of the responsibility with the proper executive authority for the enforcement of the decisions of the Security Council, by military force, if necessary.

Before the final adoption of the plan by Congress, we recommend that further attention be given to clarifying the manner in which the Economic and Social Council would operate, particularly as it applies to international agricultural organization and problems.

2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON MONETARY PROGRAMS

The American Farm Bureau Federation favors the participation of the United States in the proposed International Monetary Fund and the proposed International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as outlined in the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference.

In adopting these new international institutions, it should be realized that they are not substitutes for sound domestic fiscal policies. Unless sound domestic and foreign trade policies are adopted by the nations of the world, no plan of international monetary stabilization or monetary cooperation will succeed.

The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank should not be used as relief agencies in the postwar period, but should be conducted on a business basis, leaving relief grants to other agerces of government. In adopting this plan, it should be clearly understood that the United States will not provide funds to perpetuate uneconomic trade pra c ces or unsound monetary policies through the operation of the stabilization fund. Foreign trade must be developed upon a basis of the exchange of goods and services among the nations of the world, and not upon the basis of extending credits.

These proposed international institutions should be operated in such a manner as to promote stability in the general level of prices within the various countries of the world.

Since the proposals by necessity leave wide discretionary powers to the administrators of the two institutions, the individuals chosen to operate these institutions must be high type men, representative of the various segments of our economy, experienced in international affairs, and free from political domination

3. INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

We favor the cooperation of the United States in the proposed International Food and Agriculture Organization. We urge that a conference between the appropriate authorities and leaders of farm organizations be held in the immediate future in order to clarify the functions and methods of operations of the proposed organization. We deplore the manner in which the plans for this organization have been developed. The secrecy surrounding the Hot Springs International Food Conference was unwarranted, as has been the secrecy of much of the work of the Interim Commission which that conference created to develop detailed plans for the creation of an International Food and Agriculture Organization.

In the development of the proposed organization, proper recognition has not been given to the fact that agriculture is a basic industry and that the solution of agricultural problems should be the major function of the organization. Therefore we insist that the duly elected representatives of agricultural producers should be included in all future developments and in the administration of this proposed organization. We believe that the primary functions of the organization should be the collection of facts and research in the field of agricultural production and distribution. Action programs should not be undertaken without the specific approval of the nations involved.

It is understood that there are several special committees of the Interim Commission preparing reports on various phases of the proposed International Food and

Agriculture Organization. These special reports should be made available to the general public prior to the presentation of the proposed constitution of the organization for congressional approval.

Proper plans should be developed for incorporation of the International institute of Agriculture in the proposed International Food and Agriculture Organization prior to the approval of the proposed organization by Congress.

The work of the proposed International Food and Agricultural Organization should be coordinated with the work of the existing and other proposed international organizations.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Noel Gaines of the American Flag Movement. (No response.)

The CHAIRMAN. Has Mr. Miller come in yet?

(No response.)

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. John Danielson of Morehead City, N. C. he here?

Mr. DANIELSON. Yes, sir.

Is

The CHAIRMAN. Give your name and address to the reporter, and whom you represent.

STATEMENT BY JOHN DANIELSON, MOREHEAD CITY, N. C.

Mr. DANIELSON. My name is John Danielson; I am just plain John Citizen, of Morehead City, N. C.

The CHAIRMAN. Whom do you represent?

Mr. DANIELSON. I am just plain John Citizen, and I am glad I came here, although this makes my first public speech and address in my life.

Our Creator who gives us the air that we breathe, the water that we drink, and multiplies our food crops tenfold to a hundredfold, also endows each and every one of us with freedom.

Man, however, in seeking first to survive and then to expand and conquer, sacrificed or exchanged this gift of freedom for group security, only to find his freedom enmeshed in national laws and himself a slave of that law, for those laws were in the hands of the ruling, selfish few.

I am about to give you a different angle on this Charter than I ever heard, and I longed to hear it, but I did not, and that was my reason for coming.

Because of the diversified geographical locations of the nations, their different needs, beliefs, and so forth, it would be impossible to construct a constitution applicable and suitable to all, but in observing man we find several basic things common to all.

The three that I want to bring forward now are:

First. All men-learned, illiterate, wild, and even cannibals-worship a Superior Being; though through different mediators, yet they worship. Selfish imagination has here too brought under the law the worship of God and the law and directs how men should worship, and where and how to do that, and this again becomes polluted and no more free.

Therefore, article 1 which I propose is freedom of worship and that it shall be tolerated and recognized, but in no way obstructed by law. I am going to explain this a little later.

Second. Most men accused would go to trial if they knew that they would get a fair and unbiased trial. There would be little cringing from justice and no political prisoners. Therefore, article 2.

We do establish justice. Establish a supreme court and the necessary inferior courts. Appoint the necessary judges, well learned in the laws. Grant to all the rights and privileges to the accused, as in the Constitution of the United States.

Note that I am taking these articles from our Constitution, for I believe them to be the perfection of laws. They have been tried and proven themselves very worthy. Then why shouldn't they be proposed to all men? This second article will abolish internal fears.

Article 3. All men, we unmistakably know, ought to govern themselves. The right to vote unmolested and without fear or threat of harm, and by secret ballot, and elected to offices all lawmaking and law-enforcing bodies-they being subject to impeachment for reasons as each Nation may list. The legislative body to have duties as in our Constitution. The executive branch similar to our Constitution, and as the peoples of the particular national shall direct. The term of office not to exceed, say, 5 years.

The Nations shall retain their present kings, rulers, or other heads, but they, too, must be elected or reelected by the peoples.

The purpose of these elections is to insure for the people the best of the fit to run their government, and should there be a mistake made, or one prove himself unworthy, the due process of law would sift that one out.

No article or law in the constitution shall conflict or supersede the three.

The three articles worked out in detail with reasons and proof of their merit are to be proposed to all Nations, and those not having them can examine and affix of their own with no compulsion, whatever. This would give the people a universal understanding and bring us to a more common level. Free men's most needed and foughtfor promise is freedom. We have the "four freedoms" of the Atlantic Charter; we have the slogan "Pass the Ammunition and We Will All Be Free." And all through the war the word "freedom" is to us a great incentive.

We should put power where power belongs. In this I am using the words of our ex-President.

Eradicate the cancerous breeding ground where men get unlimited powers. We should be answerable to no one but God, as the old saying goes, and their imagination leads them to plunder, steal, destroy property, massacre and murder their peoples, their neighbors, and the world.

These would make it unnecessary for war buds to form and then decide to nip it. And let us not forget that when Hitler budded he dared his neighbors to clip his bud, and when no one accommodated he started the clipping.

Let us well remember that Hirohito's men publicly and daringly slapped our officers, fenced our citizens behind electrically charged barricades, stripped and marched our women naked through the streets to be mockingly examined. Remember, too, the next attack will be, should it ever come, fast, furious, and very devastating.

These articles will give the world Charter a bigger first step and a sound footing to step on.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much. We are very glad to hear you at this time. You did very well on your first public appearance.