contain extensive discussion of the lower wages generally earned by women, compared with men, even in the same job categories.

Herbert Stein, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, who was at the meeting, said today in answer to a question that he did not feel the chapter was based on the assumption that most working women were free to choose whether to work.

But he added that "we are re-doing the chapter in response to some of the points that were made at the meeting. We will say something about the minority problem, although a chapter on women is not the same as a chapter on minorities or poverty."

Mr. Stein also said he felt that considerable appreciation was expressed at the meeting of the inclusion in the economic report, this year, for the first time, of a serious discussion of women.

Many of the women who were present agreed that this was the case.

In addition to Mr. Stein, Government officials who were present for the meeting included Marina Whitman, the first woman member of the council, and two women on the White House staff, Anne Armstrong, who is to be named counselor to the President, and Barbara Franklin, staff assistant for executive manpower. Mr. Stein and Mrs. Whitman failed to respond to a request for comment on the meeting and the criticisms of the chapter.

The advisory committee, which was appointed earlier this month following a promise to creat it that was made by Mr. Stein during the election campaign, contains 13 women and three men, representing a cross-section of business, labor, higher education, and publishing. Only a few of the women have reputations as militant feminists.

Nearly every member of the group reportedly criticized the failure of the chapter to discuss at any length, the need for day-care facilities for children of working mothers.

Mrs. Whitman, at one point during the meeting, was reported to have mentioned the need for studies showing whether being left in day-care centers was good for children.

Julia Greer, a black woman who is vice president of a communications workers local near Detroit, reportedly responded that the question was off the main point, because women who have to work need day-care facilities.

Mr. Stein reportedly responded to a question about possible additional Federal Government financing of day-care with a question about why business could not sponsor day care.

Mr. Stein said today that the rewritten chapter would "not make any pronouncement on the subject of day care" because it was a subject that needed much more study.

Bernice Sandler, executive associate of the Association of American Colleges, reportedly protested that the chapter discussed working women solely in terms of problems they create, rather than their contribution to the economy.

If all women stopped working tomorrow, she said, and all unemployed men got jobs, there would be nearly 30 million jobs left vacant, creating the worst depression in history.

M. Jane Kay, assistant vice president, employe relations, Detroit Edison Company, was said to have objected to the lack of emphasis on ways of getting women into well-paid trade and craft jobs.

Jacqueline G. Gutwillig, chairwoman of the Citizen's Advisory Council on the Status of Women, reportedly expressed the view that the chapter should be completely recase to focus on what she said was the central economic problem of women-job discrimination.

Mrs. Gutwillig also complained about a mention, right at the start of the chapter, of the fact that 22 per cent of families baked all of their own bread in 1900 but now "baking at home is statistically negligible."

MS. DIAMOND. The problems must be stated before they can be solved. There must be understanding of them, and responsiveness to them. The solutions to these problems require due process of law.

The problem for women in the work force is inclusion in the ongoing life of this country. Peter Brennan, due to his famous "hardhat"-I know he did not particularly like the use of the word, but I am using it-"hardhat" stance, has demonstrated an attitude of "keep out."

A policy of exclusion by refusal to implement law is an unacceptable stance for a Secretary of Labor. The solution of problems by violence, as demonstrated by Mr. Brennan's past leadership, is unacceptable to

women.

I wonder what this committee would say if an army of women descended upon it, threatening violence if views contrary to their own were publicly espoused? Would the committee consider their leaders fit for public office? Women leadership has encouraged and been by due process of law.

Brute strength is no substitute for justice. Numbers as a scare tactic are no substitute for justice. Violence, reactionary outcries against "quota systems," exclusionary tactics-the terminology is not important. The issue is the same-responsible leadership.

Affirmative action is a step in the direction of more just civil liberties for all. This country has a positive mandate to move forward relentlessly in this area of societal life. Anarchy will truly reign if the civil rights legislation which was recently passed-Executive Order 11246, Labor Department Order No. 4-inclusionary laws, are not implemented in full force.

John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay declared, "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of the people are upon us. . . In America, ... we shall see, or may see, more of God's wisdom, power and truth than formerly we have been acquainted with."

We, the National Organization for Women, representing the new woman in a new world, consider unacceptable the nomination of Peter J. Brennan as Secretary of Labor on the basis of his past record of labor leadership.

We feel this record makes it extremely doubtful that he will understand or commit himself to the solutions of the important problems of 33 million working women of this country.

Thank you for the opportunity to testify.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much. We appreciate your statement in representing this particular organization that has been so helpful to so many areas of legislative activity here. You have been very helpful.

I would think that Mr. Brennan, if he should be confirmed by the Senate, would be well advised to consult with you.

You mentioned some of the oversights in the hearing process: and I regret there was not more time to deal in more depth with discrim ination across the board. The emphasis has been in only one area. It should not have been.

But I trust you will understand our limitations on time.

Senator Taft.

Senator TAFT. Ladies, I am very glad to have vou here and to have your statement this morning. I regret that we did not have your list of questions in hand, or we would have been glad to put some of them from the committee bench here today. But I feel confident, having talked privately with Mr. Brennan, that he is a very fairminded nerson, and a person who I think will carry out the principles of equality of the sexes and the carrying out of his duties, and certainly I think all of us on this committee will be glad to monitor the performance and glad to have your comments and suggestions at any time.

Dr. SCOTT. We will take you at your word, Senator Taft. Thank you. The CHAIRMAN. Our next witness is Mr. Antonio Gallegos, national chairman, American G.I. Forum; accompanied by Mr. Pete V. Villa, national president, League of United Latin American Citizens; and Ricardo Zazueta, chairman, National Manpower Coalition for the Spanish-speaking.

I appreciate your appearance here today. We would be grateful to receive your statements.

STATEMENT OF ANTONIO GALLEGOS, NATIONAL CHAIRMAN, AMERICAN G.I. FORUM, LEAGUE OF UNITED LATIN AMERICAN CITIZENS, ACCOMPANIED BY RICARDO ZAZUETA, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL MANPOWER COALITION FOR THE SPANISH SPEAKING, AND PETE V. VILLA, NATIONAL PRESIDENT, LEAGUE OF UNITED LATIN AMERICAN CITIZENS

Mr. GALLEGOS. I would like to begin by saying that I will not go through the total testimony that you gentlemen have in your hand. Gentlemen, I am Antonio Gallegos and I am testifying before you today in my role as the national chairman of the American G.I. Forum. The American G.I. Forum was founded in 1948 in Texas. Today, the American G.I. Forum focuses its attention on the total aspect of all the Spanish-surnamed Americans. It is established in 32 States and Washington, D.C., and has people within its membership who come from a wealth of backgrounds, all of whom are working toward improving the socio-economic conditions of the Spanish-speaking Americans.

As a spokesman for this organization, I welcome the opportunity to speak to you today on the confirmation of Mr. Peter J. Brennan as the next Secretary of Labor.

Mr. Brennan's leadership of the Department of Labor will in large part determine how sensitive and responsive Labor's programs and policies will be to the special problems and needs of the Spanish-speaking community. His point of view will be a key factor in determining how effective Labor will be in attempting to solve these problems over the next 4 years. It is my belief to begin with that Mr. Brennan should be informed about the socio-economic condition of this community in order that he take charge of his new responsibility with both eyes open, so to speak.

Only recently has the Spanish-speaking community been recognized as being a distinct culture within the American society. And even more recently, it has been recognized that the Spanish-speaking Americans have not been allowed to exercise or enjoy their rights as citizens of the United States. There is evidence of this fact that is valuable in determining what needs to be done within the Spanish-speaking community to eliminate this inequity.

The Spanish-origin population of the United States is 10.6 million people. And one of the most striking facts about this 10.6 million people is that approximately 25 percent are below the poverty level. There are more members of this community that are only barely above the poverty level. And if the situation that exists in five of the South

western States-Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and California-were true for all the United States-32 percent of the poor would be Spanish-speaking people.

The median income in 1970 of Spanish-speaking families was $7,330, almost $3,000 less than the median income of white families, which figure was $10,240.

These figures should be viewed in light of the fact that the average size of Spanish-speaking families is 4.29 members per family as compared to 3.56 for all families and that the Spanish-speaking families are more likely to have members outside the primary family, living in the same household.

To verify this fact, I would like to point out that the dependency ratio of the Spanish-speaking labor force is 1.89, compared to 1.45 for the total population. That is, each employed person of Spanish heritage must support not only himself, but almost two other persons. The average is only 1.45 persons for each employed individual in the United States. Putting these pieces of information together, we can conclude that for the Spanish-speaking families there is a smaller income which must meet a greater responsibility.

And we already know that this means less money for food and consequently insufficient nutrition; it means poorer housing and less clothing and health care; and it means in the long run that higher education cannot be pursued, better jobs cannot be gained and the cycle of poverty continues.

And from another point of view this income level means that there is less money being paid in taxes, less money going into the economy. and it may even mean in some cases that money is being paid out by Government for public assistance. In other words, gentlemen, poverty costs money.

Education or the lack of it has been a key factor contributing to the poor economic condition of the Spanish-surnamed community. It is hard to say which came first, lack of education or poverty. I tend to think poverty. But it is more important to realize that there is a way out for individuals caught up in this cycle. And that is-if enough people are willing to commit enough resources to the cause of education, even poor people can go to school and can gain the kind of experience and education that allow them a chance for a better job and consequently, better income.

And this gain in status can be passed on to the following generations. How urgent is the need for this commitment to the Spanishspeaking community? The following Bureau of Census statistics give us an indication of the urgency.

A 1971 report for persons 25 years old and over informs us that one of every five persons of Spanish origin had completed 5 years of school or less, compared to one of every 25 for the total white population.

Among persons 25 to 29 years of age, 48 percent of persons of Spanish origin had graduated from high school, compared to 58 percent of blacks and 80 percent of whites.

What about college graduates-those people who are privileged to have the better paying, more influential jobs and positions in our society?

About 14.8 percent of the white population were college graduates and 4.9 percent of the Spanish-speaking were college graduates.

In discussing education, we began with those people having less than a sixth grade education; let's go below that on the educational spectrum and look at some facts about illiteracy.

Of all persons in the United States who were 10 years old or over, 95 percent reported the ability to read and write English. Of all origin groups polled in this particular survey, all approached this figure or exceeded it except for the Spanish-origin group. For them, approximately 80 percent reported the ability to read and write English-that is, 20 percent reported their inability to read and write English.

How many more there might be who were unwilling to reveal this unfortunate fact about themselves?

You might wonder at this point how all the education statistics relate to the Department of Labor. Well, they do in a very real way, because education as well as skills training are integral parts of employment training and manpower programs of the Department of Labor. And it is my expectation that the Department of Labor, under the leadership of Mr. Brennan, will realize the importance of its educational programs in eliminating the educational poverty of the Spanishspeaking community.

With the median age of the Spanish-speaking community being 18 and with the very high dropout rate experienced by these youth, the Department of Labor's educational and training programs can be a crucial factor in getting the youth back on the right track.

These programs can offer them a second chance which the public schools denied them. It has only been in recent years that the bilingual, bicultural aspect of Spanish-speaking schoolchildren was recognized as an asset and not a detriment.

And we believe that these bilingual, bicultural youth are a valuable resource not only to the Spanish-speaking community but to this country as well. And we cannot forget our veterans-I'm speaking particularly of the Vietnam veterans now-the Department of Labor's program can offer them a chance to gain a skill, find a job and take their rightful place in a society which too often has forgotten them.

I'm talking about a society which doesn't care where Spanish-speaking veterans have been for 2 or 3 years, that doesn't care what kinds of hell they went through while there and a society, moreover, that continues to discriminate against them because of their culture and language regardless of what responsibility they took in serving as a member of the Armed Forces.

We want education for youth, for Vietnam veterans and for anybody else in our community who needs it or wants it. We want education from whatever source we can get it so that the inequitable condi tions borne out by these statistics just given will no longer continue to exist.

Just as the Spanish-speaking people fall behind, far behind the rest of the population educationally, they also fall behind in types of employment they are engaged in. Often they can't even find jobs. The unemployment rate for men of Spanish origin was about 9 percent, compared to 6 percent for the total white population.