The Supreme Court and the Commerce Clause, 1937-1970

88th Congress activities affected commerce American applied argument authority avocados burden Chief Justice Commerce Clause Company complete opinion concurrent conflict congressional power Constitutional Law constitutionality Dagenhart Darby decided decision discrimination dissented doctrine dual federalism economic effect employees engaged exclusive exercise fact federal commerce power federal power Florida foreign Fourteenth Amendment Gibbons Harlan Harlan Fiske Stone held Ibid imposed industry interstate commerce intrastate invalidated joined by Justices Jones & Laughlin judicial Justice Black Labor Relations Board legislation license limited majority opinion manufacturing marketing Marshall merce National Labor Relations NLRB Ogden operated police power power of Congress power over commerce power to regulate pre-emption production prohibited protect question regulate commerce Rutledge scope Sherman Act Sherman Antitrust Act Shreveport South Carolina Southern Pacific Co Statutes at Large Stone Supreme Court Tenth Amendment tion tobacco U.S. Statutes United upheld validity Wickard York