Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States

SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES

UNITED STATES SENATE,
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT
AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS, OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
Washington, D.C., September 24, 1957.

Following are the documents bearing on the United Nations investigation of the Hungarian revolt, offered by Chief Counsel Robert Morris, at a hearing of the subcommittee on September 24, 1957, and ordered by Senator Olin D. Johnston, presiding, to be printed as an appendix to the hearing record of this date.

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF HUNGARY

12 June 1957

Rapporteur: Mr. K. C. O. Shann (Australia)

Document A/3592

TABLE OF CONTENTS

B. The Issues at Stake.

D. The Progress of Events.

1. Legitimate grievances.

Chapter I. Organization and Functions of the Committee:

A. Introduction.

B. The Witnesses.

C. Conduct of Hearings.

D. Documentary Material.

E. Attempts to observe in Hungary and to meet Mr. Imre Nagy.

F. Arrangement of the report of the Committee.

G. General Observations on the Work of the Committee

Annex A: Resolution 1132 (XI) of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Chapter II. A Brief History of the Hungarian Uprising:

A. Developments before 22 October 1956.

B. Meetings and Demonstrations.

C. The First Shots..

D. The Armed Uprising

E. Revolutionary and Workers' Councils

F. Political Developments.

G. Mr. Nagy Clarifies.

H. Declaration of Neutrality.

I. Soviet Forces Intervene Again.

J. Mr. Kádár Forms a Government

K. The Abduction of Mr. Nagy-

L. Soviet Military Occupation.

M. Recent Developments

N. Summary of Conclusions.

Chapter III. The uprising as seen by the USSR and by the Government of Janos Kadar:

A. Introduction.

C. Justification of Soviet Intervention.

2. Alleged preparations for counter-revolution.

3. Reaction in the saddle

132

E. Conclusion...

149

PART A. MILITARY INTERVENTION AND ITS POLITICAL BACKGROUND

Chapter IV. Soviet Military Intervention (24 October-3 November 1956):

A. Introduction....

B. Movements of Soviet Forces and Areas of Fighting.

C. Resistance of the Hungarian People to the Soviet Attack.

D. The Withdrawal of Soviet Troops from Budapest..

E. The Logistic Deployment of New Soviet Forces.

Chapter VI. The Political Circumstances of the First Military Intervention:

A. Introduction..

B. The Popularity of Imre Nagy.

C. Doubts Arise about Mr. Nagy's Position.

D. Delegations' Limited Access to Prime Minister Nagy before 29 October

E. Mr. Nagy's Denials..

F. Mr. Nagy's Detention in the Communist Party Headquarters.

G. Was an Invitation Actually Extended?.

H. Conclusions.

Chapter VII. The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention:

A. Introduction.

B. The Political Position of Mr. Kádár prior to 4 November.

C. Mr. Kádár's Relations with Mr. Nagy..

D. The Overthrow of Mr. Nagy's Government.

E. The Establishment of Mr. Kádár's Government.

Chapter VIII. The Question of the Presence and the Utilization of the Soviet Armed Forces in

Hungary in the Light of Hungary's International Commitments:

A. Introduction

B. Post-war International Instruments Governing Hungary's International Status.

C. Applicability of these International Instruments to the Soviet Military Interventions.

D. The Demand for Withdrawal of Soviet Armed Forces.

E. Question of the Withdrawal of Soviet Armed Forces after 4 November 1956.

F. Final Observations.

Annex A: Agreement between the Government of the Hungarian People's Republic and the Gov-

ernment of the USSR on the Legal Status of Soviet Forces temporarily stationed on the Terri-

tory of the Hungarian People's Republic, concluded in Budapest, 27 May 1957.

PART B. EFFECTS OF THE USE OR THREAT OF USE OF FORCE ON THE POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE

OF HUNGARY

Chapter IX. Background and Aims of the Uprising:

A. Introduction....

B. The Background of the Uprising.

C. The Declared Aims of the Uprising.

1. The Nature of the Uprising..

2. The Resolutions and Manifestos of 20-23 October 1956

3. Analysis of the Demands Stated at the Outset of the Uprising.

(a) Political Demands.

(b) Economic Demands.

D. Attitude of the Hungarian People to the State Security Police (AVH).

Annexes:

A. Appeal adopted by a meeting of Budapest Technological Students at the Andras Hess

Students Hostel (the Central Students' Hostel of the Building Industry Technological

University of Budapest) held on 19 October 1956.

B. Appeal issued by DISZ Members of the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest,

22 October 1956.

C. Resolution addressed to the Participants of the DISZ Mass Meeting on 22 October 1956.

D. First Draft of the Demands of the Students of the Building Industry Technological Uni-

versity of Budapest, 22 October 1956.

E. The Ten Points of the Petöfi Club, 22 October 1956.

F. The Aims of the League of Working Youth (DISZ), the Youth Group of the Hungarian
Workers' (Communist) Party, 23 October 1956.

G. Appeal of the Revolutionary Committee of the Hungarian Intellectuals, 28 October 1956.

Chapter X. Student Demonstrations and the Origins of Armed Conflict in Budapest:

A. Introduction..

B. The Student Meetings on 22 October.

C. How the Demonstrations were Initiated and Organized.

D. Demonstrations at the Petöfi and Bem Statues.

E. Demonstration at the Parliament.

F. Removal of Stalin's Statue.

G. The First Shots....

H. Further Developments..

I. Parliament Building on 25 October..

Chapter. XI. Revolutionary and Workers' Councils:

I. Introduction..

II. Revolutionary Councils.

A. Territorial Councils:

1. The Provinces.

2. The Transdanubian National Council.

3. Budapest...

B. Functional and Representative Councils:

1. Students and Youth.

2. Armed Forces.

3. The Revolutionary Committee of Hungarian Intellectuals...

537

B. Authorization and Encouragement of Workers' Councils by Trade Unions, the Party

Chapter XII. The Reassertion of Political Rights (26 October-3 November):

A. Introduction.

B. The Transitional Period: The National Government of 27 October (26-29 October)

C. Abolition of the One-Party System and Establishment of the Inner Cabinet of 30 October..

D. The Rebirth of Political Parties.

E. The Streamlined Coalition Government of 3 November.

Chapter XIII. Soviet Intervention Under the Present Regime:

A. Introduction..

B. Soviet Administration of Hungary.

C. Soviet Repressive Measures.

D. Relationship of Workers' Councils and Soviet Authorities.

E. Attitude towards the Government of Hungary.

F. The Abduction of Premier Imre Nagy.

C. Establishment of Revolutionary Committees within Government Departments.

D. Efforts for the Co-ordination of Revolutionary Councils and Committees.

E. Contacts of Revolutionary Councils within the Government...

III. Workers' Councils in Factories..

A. The Establishment and Function of Workers' Councils..

Chapter XIV. Political Rights After the Revolution:

I. Workers' Councils:

A. Relationship of the Workers' Councils and the Government..

B. The Role of the Communist Party in the Workers' Councils.

C. Workers' Councils and Trade Unions...

II. Post-Revolutionary Status of Political Organizations:

A. Negotiations with Political Parties..

B. The Fate of other Organizations and the Press.

1. Revolutionary Councils.

2. The Press...

3. Youth Organizations.

III. Conclusions...

PART C. SPECIFIC ACTS IN VIOLATION OF OTHER RIGHTS OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE

Chapter XV. Deportations:

A. Introduction..

B. Investigation by the Committee.

C. Seizure of Deportees.

D. Experience of Deportees in the USSR..

E. Admission of Deportations by Soviet Authorities.

Chapter XVI. Other Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms:

CHAPTER I. ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE

A. INTRODUCTION

1. The Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, composed of the repre-
sentatives of Australia, Ceylon, Denmark, Tunisia, and Uruguay, was established
by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 January 1957.1 The follow-
ing representatives were appointed by their Governments: Australia: Mr. K. C. O.
Shann; Ceylon, Mr. R. S. S. Gunawardene; Denmark: Mr. Alsing Andersen;
Tunisia: Mr. Mongi Slim; Uruguay: Professor Enrique Rodriguez Fabregat. The
Secretary-General appointed Mr. W. M. Jordan as Principal Secretary of the
Committee and Mr. P. Bang-Jensen as Deputy Secretary. The Committee held its
first meeting at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on 17 January
1957, and elected Mr. Alsing Andersen as Chairman and Mr. K. C. O. Shann as
Rapporteur.

2. The Committee was charged by the General Assembly with the duty of pro-
viding the Assembly and all Members of the United Nations with "the fullest
and best available information regarding the situation created by the intervention
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, through its use of armed force and
other means, in the internal affairs of Hungary, as well as regarding developments
relating to the recommendations of the Assembly on this subject".

3. The Committee submitted an Interim Report to the General Assembly on
20 February 1957. In this report, the Special Committee defined the scope of
the inquiry which it had been called upon to conduct, and in a summary statement
on the course of Soviet intervention in Hungary, indicated certain specific prob-
lems to which the Committee would direct its attention.

4. The Committee's task has been to ascertain the facts and, after careful
scrutiny of the evidence and information received, to present an objective report,
together with findings, on the situation in question. The Committee regrets that,
owing to the attitude of the Hungarian Government, it has not been in a position
to establish and maintain direct observation in Hungary, as enjoined
by the General Assembly resolution.

5. After a preliminary examination of the available documentation, the Com-
mittee gave hearings to thirty-five witnesses at the Headquarters of the United
Nations in New York. The Committee then proceeded to Europe where, from
11 March to 16 April 1957, it held hearings at the European Office of the United
Nations in Geneva, and thereafter in Rome, Vienna, London, and again in
Geneva. These hearings greatly augmented the range of information at the dis-

1 Resolution 1132 (XI), attached as annex A to this chapter.

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