a rapid summary of his discoveries at Turfan, in Turkestan, giving, at the same time, a series of most remarkable pictures of monasteries, towns, mountain passes, deserts, and natives, and of ancient architecture, sculpture, painting, embroidery, and manuscripts-really one of the most amazing exhibitions we have had, at once for the richness of the discoveries made during the expedition and the unemphasized, but conspicuous, heroism which it took to make them. He has opened up new areas in language, art, and the history of religion. Mr. Haldane also came and explained what he thinks should be our part in his new army schemes. Women were not admitted. Mr. Lloyd George, it is said, is to be at the Union this term, but on the same conditions.

Reform.

Since Dr. Roberts, of Caius, suggested, as Vice-Chancellor, that we might reform ourselves without a Commission being appointed by Government for the purpose, three Committees have been at work. It is predicted that they will produce reports ere long "which will not frighten moderate men of both parties." The relation of the colleges to the University is one point; and there I do not foresee much change. The colleges will remain, and, so long as they do, it is hard to see how, on the second point raised-viz., the expense of a University career-much can be effected It might be desirable to abolish colleges -conceivably; it probably would not. The club house of the greater and richer American Universities is a less wholesome system of association than our much criticized plan of colleges. Here at least men of different origin, faith, and wealth have a chance of knowing one another and educating one another. The colleges will stay.

The scholarship question is the main one. It is pretty well known that two plans have been discussed for enabling colleges to turn their scholarship funds more effectively in the direction of the needy. "Needy," by the way, is a very hard word to define. The main point is what pressure is to be, or can properly and wisely be, put on parents and guardians. Would it be better to limit scholarships to a low figure unless an authenticated claim for more money be made on the basis of need; or, on the other hand, to suggest to well-to-do men that their sons and wards might be content to be honorary scholars? Joint action of both Universities will probably be required, and so far, it is whispered, the majority of Oxford colleges lean to one plan and the majority of ours to another.

The new Chemical Laboratory is now in working order, and so is the highly scientific stack-room added to the University Expansion. Library. The latter will be supremely useful and as totally devoid of charm as any method of arranging books could be, short of putting them (as we do when we go down for a Long Vacation's reading) in Tate's cubic sugar-boxes. The Cavendish Laboratory has been extended, the new examination rooms are being roofed in, and foundations have been laid for the new buildings required for our School of Agriculture.

Yes, we are all very energetic: building laboratories, crowding them with pupils, and the pupils with lectures and demonstrations, and tuition and supervision. Everything conceivable is being done for the great cause of our being, the undergraduate. Education is being peptonized in every direction. The question is asked: What is there left for men to do for themselves? Thirty years ago, moreover, sports took up less time; fewer men boated or played at things,' fewer looked on at the sports of others; no one golfed and hardly any bicycled. Men walked a great deal more and, it is said, went in larger numbers to the services at King's, where, says the laudator temporis acti to me, you don't see the men as you used to when he was young. Men did not walk alone; when, he asks me, do they really meet one another now and talk as they used to on the long walks of those days? I do not quite know what to say to him, for I think, with many others, that, if we were content to let men do more for themselves, it might be better done. Has tuition-above all, has "supervision," our great new idol-really improved the quality of work done by men as shown in the examinations, or the quality of work done in men, our main concern? I am told it has not at all in proportion to the amount of time and energy given to it, while it greatly lessens the spare hours and the spare strength (neither, as a rule, excessive) of the teachersand on these depend the force and vitality and inspiration without which teaching is useless.

The Classical Tripos allows a man of ideas more chance of expanding in directions of his choice now than it used to--if he dare take it, for he does so at his peril. So many special papers encompass him, which "cannot be safely neglected," that he has comparatively little time actually to read the classics which he is supposed to be studying, to be "reading." No; if he is to read the classics he won't have to be taking the Tripos: he had better wait till afterwards.

And the same sort of thing has, I fancy, to be said of other subjects. Over-teaching, over-lecturing, over-supervising, excessive athleticsthese are the things that call for reform if we are to produce men rather than examination products, and I hear of no Commissions and no Committees for this.

Losses.

We are losing Prof. Adam Sedgwick and Mr. Harmer from our Zoological School. They are both captured from us by London and the Government, who have chosen well, though not to our gain. Appointments.-J. E. Purvis, M.A. (St. John's), University Member of the Town Council; R. C. Punnett, M.A. (Caius), Demonstrator of Animal Morphology; F. H. Potts, M.A. (Trinity Hall), Demon. strator of Comparative Anatomy; T. R. Elliott, M.A., M.D. (Trinity), Fellow of Clare College; G. H. Clayton, B.A. (Pembroke), Fellow of Peterhouse; W. L. Balls, B.A. (St. John's), and J. A. Crowther, B.A. (St. John's), Fellows of St. John's College; A. Wood, B.A. (Emmanuel), Demonstrator of Experimental Physics; W. H. S. Jones, M.A. (Selwyn), Fellow of St. Catharine's; F. Madan, M.A. (Senior Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian), Sandars Reader in Bibliography; E. J. Worman, M.A. (Christ's), Curator in Oriental Literature; W. E. Dixon, M.A. (Downing), University Lecturer in Pharmacology; J. S. Gardiner, M.A. (Caius), University Lecturer in Zoology; H. B. Fantham, D.Sc. (London), Assistant to the Quick Professor of Biology; W. F. Swords, B.A., LL.B. (St. John's), Macmahon Law Studentship, St. John's.

WALES.

The Lord Mayor of Cardiff has postponed, indefinitely, the Conference which he had convened to discuss the creation The Cardiff of a National Council of Education and the apConference. pointment of a Welsh Minister. This step has been rendered necessary by the strong opposition of the Welsh Bishops and of many of the Conservative leaders to both these proposals. For example, the Bishop of St. David's states that, "in the light of the experience of the last six years, it is impossible to regard the establishment of the proposed Council as a step calculated to remove from the administration of elementary education the mischief of political bias." In the sphere of secondary education his Lordship believes that "the constitution of the Central Welsh Board, which is happily free from political partisanship, is much better suited to the requirements of intermediate education in Wales than the constitution proposed for the Council in Mr. Birrell's Bill would have been." And, as these views are shared by the majority of Churchmen and Conservatives, it is improbable that any further steps will be taken in reference to this Council for some time. The whole question of education just now is unfortunately in too controversial a stage to allow all parties and creeds to unite for any common purpose.

New Schools.

The two counties of Carnarvon and Denbigh are already giving practical effect to the policy adopted by the Welsh authorities of putting down a Council school in all single-school areas where there exists a strong enough demand for one. The large share of the McKenna grant which came to Wales has rendered the task of some of the counties, especially Denbighshire, comparatively easy, and in the above counties five new schools have already been opened. The strain on the local resources is not great, as a large proportion of the cost will be borne by the county. In many parishes there will, therefore, be two schoolsa provided and a non-provided one-in competition for pupils, and no doubt the result will be that in many cases the Church of England school will have to be closed. The Chairman of the Education Committee, however, declares that the only motive which led them to open these schools is the desire for educational efficiency and that they have no animosity towards the denominational schools. There are 514 single-school areas in Wales, 314 of which are served by non-provided schools.

Swansea

The Swansea Town Council have resolved to hold a special meeting to discuss further the question of the provision of a Training College. new Training College for Women in the Borough. The original estimate of the cost was £72,000, but the Board of Education state that £40,000 would be ample for a building capable of accommodating the number of students contemplated. The discrepancy between these figures has encouraged the opponents of the whole scheme to make a determined effort to wreck it altogether. They urge that it is not the duty of a single Local Authority to provide facilities for training teachers for the community at large. Further, they contest strongly the statements of the friends of the College that it will be self-supporting and require no help from the local rates. Meanwhile, Glamorgan and Monmouth have taken the initial steps towards the erection of two new training colleges for men and women. Several of the Welsh counties have asked the Board of Education to revise their county schemes for the administration of the intermediate schools. The new scheme for Flintshire is nearly ready, Breconshire has received

New Schemes.

its new scheme, and Cardiganshire and the borough of Swansea are taking steps to get theirs changed.

We regret to have to record the death of Mr. N. John, B. A., Head Master of Brecon Intermediate School. He was appointed Head Master of this school on its foundation in 1896. Mr. R. Ivor Jones, B. A., assistant master at Newport Intermediate School, has been appointed Head Master of Newtown County School.

Edinburgh M.A. Degree.

SCOTLAND.

The Regulations for the degree of M.A. at Edinburgh University, which have been framed by the Senate under the powers conferred by the new Arts Ordinance, were discussed at a prolonged meeting of the Edinburgh General Council on January 12. The Senate's proposals give an exceedingly wide choice of subjects to the student in framing his curriculum. The only restrictions are (a) that every curriculum must include subjects taken from at least three out of the four wide departments of study, viz., Language and Literature, Mental Philosophy, Science, and History and Law, and (ẻ) that the curriculum must have the approval of the advisers of studies. The value of the degree will thus depend entirely on the action taken by the advisers. The groups of subjects in which Honours may be taken are much the same as those which were recognized under the old Ordinance. The Modern Language group is extended, the Semitic Languages group is dropped, British History is to be taken with English, not as an Honours, but as an ordinary subject, and the Economics group no longer includes Moral Philosophy or History.

66

The discussion at the General Council meeting was lively, and even heated, and members of Senate took a leading part in defending their recommendations, which were criticized by the Business Committee of the Council, on the ground that they gave too little encouragement to the five-subject degree and the so-called "intensive" study (i.e. the study of each of two subjects in two successive years), which had been urged as one of the main grounds for a change in the regulations. Undoubtedly the five-subject degree, which was first suggested at Edinburgh, was one of the main ideals held out by Edinburgh University in the conferences which resulted in the passing of the Ordinance; but, to the astonishment of every one, this ideal was vigorously repudiated by. some of the members of Senate who spoke in the discussion, and in the other Universities there is much perplexity as to the reasons which have led to this change of views. Unfortunately the only explanation that suggests itself is that the Edinburgh Senate desires to attract students at any cost. Probably this is untrue; but it is much to be regretted that the Edinburgh proposals should give colour to it, and Prof. Chrystal's remark about the "three thousand young Chinamen studying in Japan," who might be attracted if the degree curricula were elastic enough, will be regarded by many people as giving away" the whole scheme. Prof. Chrystal contended that "the object of the ordinance was freedom, and not a doctrinaire compulsion of the student to take his degree in the way that somebody else thought fit." This is surely misleading; the real object of the ordinance was to give freedom to the University to make its own regulations for the degree, not necessarily freedom to the student to take his degree in any way he likes. Principal Laurie (of the Heriot-Watt College) pointed out that some of the curricula possible under the regulations were so bad that no University was justified in accepting them for a degree, and that the acceptance of such curricula would mean "the worst degree existing in Europe to-day." The General Council, however, by majorities rejected the various sections of its Business Committee's report, and adopted a resolution approving generally of the regulations on the understanding that they are tentative and subject to reconsideration after sufficient experience has been gained of their working as shown by the reports of the official advisers, which are to be communicated to the Council. It is to be hoped that the students will accept the guidance of their advisers, and will not be tempted to identify their educational needs with those of hypothetical Chinamen. Mr. John Duncan Mackie, B.A., Jesus College, Oxford, has been appointed Lecturer in Modern History at St. AnAppointments. drews University, in succession to Prof. James Mackinnon. Mr. George Macdonald, LL.D., of the Scotch Education Department, has been appointed Dalrymple Lecturer in Archæology at Glasgow University for the present year. He is giving a course of lectures on "British Historical Medals of the Tudor and Stuart periods." Mr. Cecil H. Desch, D.Sc. London, Ph.D. Würzburg, has been appointed Graham Young Lecturer in Metallurgical Chemistry at Glasgow University. Lord Curzon, Rector of Glasgow University, has appointed Sir John Ure Primrose, Bart., as his assessor on the University Court, and Mr. Asquith, Rector of Aberdeen University, has appointed Sir John Fleming as his assessor on the Aberdeen Court. Glasgow University Court has appointed Captain H. G. Lyons, D.Sc., F.R.S., late Director-General of the Survey Department in Egypt, to be Lecturer in Geography at Glasgow University. Mr. Frederic J. Tanquerey, L. ès L., B.Sc., Assistant Lecturer in French at the Victoria University of Manchester, has been appointed Lecturer in French at University College, Dundee.

Training Courses.

Much discussion has taken place regarding the curriculum for students in training, to which reference was made here in December (Vol. XL., page 826). The Glasgow Provincial Committee opposed the original scheme on the grounds (1) that too many University classes were allowed in the first two years, and (2) that all students, whether or not they attended the University, were required to take a course in theory of education at the training college in their second year. It was contended by the Glasgow Committee that the allowance of two University classes a year in the first two years of training was an inducement to students to attempt to combine a three years' course for a University degree with their course of professional training. This would probably make it impossible for students to profit sufficiently either from their professional or from their University work. It was also maintained that it would be better for the University students to take the University class of education, as they do at present, than to take the Training College course in that subject. The Educational Institute is afraid that the new proposals, in so far as they tend to require a four years', instead of a three years', course for the M.A. degree will reduce the number of students who take the degree, and the Institute therefore prefers that the present arrangements should, on the whole, continue. The Education Department seems determined to insist that the main part of the professional training shall be com pleted in two years, and that all students shall study education (as a part of that training) at the Training College. Meanwhile, it is proposed that the Provincial Committees should agree as to the amount of professional training (including theory of education) which shall be given, and that the main part of the training shall be completed, in the case of all students, in two years, while it should be left to each Provincial Committee to determine the amount of University work which its students shall be allowed to take. It is doubtful, however, whether this proposal will be accepted by all the Committees, as it will involve a considerable increase in the teaching staff as well as other serious difficulties in centres where the number of students is very large.

Varia.

The new Edinburgh College of Art, the buildings of which are to cost £78,000, has been partially opened, under the directorship of Mr. Morley Fletcher. The number of students is 710, of whom 260 are women. The School Boards have now under consideration the problem of applying the optional clauses of the new Education Act as regards such matters as compulsory attendance at continuation schools, supply of school books, the feeding of school children, medical inspection, employ ment agencies, dealing with neglectful parents, &c. The Education Department has issued a circular drawing attention to these matters, and it will be interesting to see in what way the School Boards exercise the new powers that have been given to them.

The late Mr. Thomas McKie, LL.D., has bequeathed to Edinburgh University the residue of his estate, subject to the life-rent of his widow, for the purpose of developing and encouraging (1) scientific, medical, and surgical research, (2) the teaching and study of English language and literature, and (3) the teaching and study of modern languages in the University. The Combe Trustees have made a further grant of £400 to Edinburgh University for the purchase of apparatus in connexion with the Lectureship in Psychology. The Celtic Library of the late Mr. Machain, of Inverness, has been presented to the Glasgow University Library by an anonymous donor.

The New Universities: The Place of Irish.

IRELAND.

Whatever may be the drawbacks to residence in Ireland, it may be fairly claimed that life is never quite dull amongst us; we have always, if not a grievance, at least some subject of controversy to season existence and exercise our wits and keep us in that attitude of expectancy which is engendered by the constant possibility of new developments; and even questions which in other lands are confined to educational and academic circles here link themselves with current (and often apparently remote) interests and come forth to claim the attention of the man in the street. At present the prevailing topic, one which is calling forth lively discussion in public and in private, is the status of modern Irish in the new National University. During the month the municipal bodies and District Councils have continued to draw up strongly worded resolutions in favour of making Irish a compulsory subject for entrance, and large public meetings have been held at Galway, Limerick, Cork, Castlebar, and Sligo to forward the same cause. At Limerick one of the most vigorous speakers was the Hon. William Gibson, who spoke both in Irish and English, and urged on the County Councils the policy of refusing to strike a rate or vote money for scholarships in the new University unless their demand should be complied with-a policy which some of those bodies have already adopted. The Dublin Corporation held a meeting on January 20 to consider the question; the attendance was not very large, but the supporters of Gaelic (some of whom spoke in that (Continued on page 130.)

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language) had it all their own way, and passed a resolution in favour of compulsory Irish, with one dissentient. It is true that in many cases these resolutions are passed by persons who are ill qualified to decide on the educational aspects of the question; whose knowledge of the Irish language is often doubtful, of the subjects which compete with it in University curricula perhaps more than doubtful. But their action is none the less significant as showing the trend of popular opinion throughout the country.

Meantime, the pronouncement of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, which had been eagerly looked for, has come at last. The Episcopal Standing Committee met on January 19, Cardinal Logue and the Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin being present, and drew up a statement setting forth, in the first place, the necessity of providing for religious instruction and worship in the National University, and, in the second, deprecating compulsory Gaelic as likely to be not only a hindrance to the language movement (with which they profess sympathy) but as tending to drive away students who might otherwise

enter.

It does not at present seem as if the statement of the Hierarchy were likely to effect any change in the popular demand. The Gaelic League is, of course, officially committed to the compulsory policy, and there is no doubt that their Executive Committee represents the convictions of the overwhelming majority of Gaelic Leaguers. Nor should it be forgotten that, democratic as the League essentially is, there are some among its officials who are most eager on this question, such as Dr. Hyde, Mr. MacNeill, Dr. Henry, Miss Hayden and others, whose attainments and educational experience give their opinion weight. The only dissentient on the Executive Committee is Mr. Stephen Gwynn, M.P., who, it is rumoured, is about to resign his seat in consequence of the pressure of Parliamentary duties. The demand for compulsory Gaelic is strongly upheld by the Irish Nation (hitherto known as the Peasant) and Sinn Féin, the two most ably edited and most influential weeklies in the country, which have always occupied an independent standpoint with regard to politics, and have consistently opposed clerical control in national education. These papers desire a University which shall be national in the broadest sense and shall also be democratic, offering facilities and welcome to the poor man's son no less than to the rich man's, and looking for their future students in the first place to the elementary schools; and they see in compulsory Gaelic a step towards this end.

The Irish Nation (which, before the passing of the Universities Acts, constantly urged the foundation of a people's University, depending on popular initiative and support and conducted on popular lines) published a short time since a leader pointing out that on the decision of the Gaelic question turned the future career of the University, either as a national institution or a "West British" one; that, should compulsory Gaelic be ruled out, the heads of the Church would no doubt seek to capture the new foundation for their own purposes as a substitute for Oxford and Cambridge in the education of English Catholics, and that thus it would be diverted from its true end, as a democratic and national (i.e., Irish) University, and become instead a "West British" and an exclusively Catholic one.

It is apparent to any observer who follows with interest the various movements which are stirring Ireland to-day and seeks to acquaint himself with more than one side of the parties and opinions in conflict, that the real question at issue is something more and something deeper than the mere educational value of the Gaelic tongue or its place in academic studies. Like all typical Irish problems, it involves a great deal more than is expressed in the terms of the setting.

The Council of the Dublin Chamber of Commerce approached the University Commission at the close of last month with a view towards the establishment of a Chair of Commerce in the National University; and received assurance that the Commissioners were already seeking information relative to such a step from the new Universities of England and the London School of Economics. The Belfast Chamber of Commerce have likewise sent a deputation to the Belfast Commissioners with a similar object in view. The establishment of such a Chair in Dublin may, perhaps, do something to counteract the tendency-prevalent through the country outside Belfast-to regard a business career as derogatory and to look upon the University as a training school for a profession" or one of the services-a view which has contributed in the past to make University education in Ireland an important factor in swelling emigration from the middle classes. It is to be hoped that a Chair of Agriculture may also be established in Dublin.

66

A meeting of Convocation of the Royal University was summoned for January 19, but proved to some extent abortive, as a quorum did not turn up. There was, however, some discussion, including a vigorous speech from Mr. Frank Hugh O'Donnell, in which he dealt, besides other matters, with the ineffective representation of graduates in the governing body of the National University and the preponderating influence of Crown nominees. The same topic is discussed at length in the January number of the University Graduate, an organ recently established, which is conducted by a committee of members of Convocation and voices the opinions of a certain section of themchiefly in the North. This journal-which cannot be accused of (Continued on page 132.)

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