tion. As will shortly be seen below, these were used by the Secretary in his continuing congressional consultations.

The advisory and other technical staff of the Group frequently resorted to their home divisions in the Department for assistance, and there were some consultations with other officers of the Department by the Group members themselves, especially in regard to providing public information. The advisers for the European Area, Mr. Bohlen and Mr. Hickerson, had the special responsibility of keeping the American Embassies in Moscow and London apprised of developments, and all the geographic advisers to the Group had the duty of keeping it informed of the views being expressed abroad, which required work in and through the Department at all times. The representatives of the armed services likewise maintained close touch with the War and Navy Departments and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and on a number of occasions reported to the Group the views of the two Secretaries, the Chief of Staff, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The arrangements within the American Group for its negotiating work, as has already been suggested, were similar to those adopted for the period of briefing and review, and the assignments of the American representatives to the various subcommittees of the Conversations corresponded in substantial measure to the subject matter on which each had concentrated in that preceding period. The full American Group met at 9:30 a. m., usually Monday through Saturday, in the former dining room which Mr. Stettinius once described as "the most used room" at Dumbarton Oaks. Its Steering Committee, composed of Messrs. Stettinius, Dunn, Hackworth, Pasvolsky, and Wilson, Admiral Willson and General Strong, with Messrs. Hiss and Raynor as secretary and assistant respectively, met only on call, and most informally. Special meetings confined to the Group members, the general adviser, the Chairman's special assistant, and the secretary of the Group were also held, although not frequently, to consider major critical issues being taken up with the Secretary and the President. These were, in effect, steering meetings with a temporarily enlarged participation. The daily meeting of all American representatives, advisers, principal technical secretaries, and officers of the secretariat was the main organized basis of the American Group's functioning, since the members worked together on all problems and reached decisions in these meetings. Reports of all developments throughout the Conversations were given, during these meetings, including any views resulting from talks with the Secretary and President, and positions on the pending questions of the day were then determined. Necessary drafting was assigned, and plans on emerging matters were discussed. In September, particularly between the 4th and 8th, when drafts from the Formulation Group were under consideration, the entire Group, except those leaving for other meetings and a recess at lunch, stayed in session

until late afternoon, work by some being continued thereafter until late at night. This same situation prevailed between the 11th and 20th, when the Conversations faced critical lack of agreement on the question of voting provisions and consideration had therefore to be given to the consequences of incomplete agreement on joint proposals. Either Mr. Long or Mr. Bowman served as Chairman when Mr. Stettinius was otherwise engaged.

A number of committees or "subcommittees" of the members were used by the American Group in conducting its work. These were created as need arose, although, since some problems were not solved or did not remain solved, certain of these ad hoc bodies assumed the nature of standing committees. The first of these was established on August 23, 1944, to assist Mr. McDermott, the Press Officer, in preparing recommendations for providing the press with fuller information. Those appointed were Messrs. Long, Bowman, and Fletcher. This committee reported the next day, but it was reappointed at once and several times more on this continuing need, each time with the addition of members until it at last included also Messrs. Cohen, Hornbeck, Wilson, Admirals Hepburn and Willson, and Generals Embick and Strong, with the general adviser, the special assistant, and the assistant secretary-general assigned to facilitate its work.

Another organized effort in a related connection was the assignment of Mr. Wilson, on August 31, as a committee of one to report on what was being done and should be done by the Department toward informing educational, religious, and other interested American public groups or organizations concerning developments, and toward enlisting their informed support of effective international organization. Mr. Wilson was asked to collaborate on this matter with John Dickey, Director of the Office of Public Affairs in the Department, and G. Howland Shaw, Assistant Secretary of State. The Group discussed the matter several times in September. In the course of such discussion, consideration was given to the possibility of reviving the project of a "PostWar Advisory Council" " or, alternatively, of holding after the Conversations occasional meetings of the leaders of these citizen organizations with the higher officers of the Department, current meetings being considered inadvisable in view of the nature of the Conversations. By September 11, these problems had been placed in the hands of the first-named committee, with Mr. Fletcher as Chairman, and the drafting of communiqués was added to its work.

A Subcommittee on Nomenclature and Location was appointed on August 30 by the American Group to recommend to it not only names and titles in connection with the organization, as in the case of the partly parallel body for the Conversations, but also the languages to "See p. 213 ff.

be used by the organization and views on its location and that of its organs. The question of location stemmed immediately from the interest shown in this matter by the President in several recent talks with Mr. Stettinius and other officials. Prime Minister Churchill and Mr. Stettinius had begun to explore this matter when the Under Secretary had visited London on his mission earlier in 1944, and since then Mr. Bowman had been studying the many alternatives. The members of this "Fletcher Committee," as it was usually referred to, were, aside from Mr. Fletcher as Chairman, Messrs. Bowman, Cohen, and Hackworth, Admiral Hepburn, and General Strong. Mr. Hornbeck also joined in this work at times.

Additional problems were referred to this body from time to time, including such diverse matters as the drafting of a formula to provide for the continuous functioning of the Council of the organization, the consideration of Latin American views regarding world security organization being received in response to the circular telegram sent in July, and the drafting of recommendations, begun by September 6, 1944, relative to conferring with Latin American representatives on the proposals to result from the Conversations. For these latter matters, Mr. Wilson was added to the subcommittee, and Messrs. Notter, Cabot, and Gerig were assigned to assist. In connection with this work, it was understood that in accord with customary practice the British representatives were planning consultations with the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and were already providing information on the Conversations to the Dominions.

Study of the problem of United States representation in the organization being projected in the developing Conversations, which the Group had to consider even though only preliminarily, was placed in charge of the third committee of which Mr. Fletcher was Chairman. Its further members were Messrs. Bowman, Cohen, Grew, Long, Admiral Hepburn, and General Embick. This was a preparatory body, established to meet a need in advance of possible questions being raised, and no report was made.

A large amount of drafting was undertaken by the individual American representatives. The members from the armed services together drafted views on several occasions, and various members in groups of two or more not infrequently presented a draft on a point that they wished to have considered. The largest organized drafting effort by a committee of the American Group in connection with substantive proposals, however, took place in an ad hoc committee constituted on September 7.12 This committee was created to

"There were ad hoc groups beside those mentioned above, for example, one to consider a request of certain Korean leaders to observe the Conversations. Such groups were of routine character.

condense and adjust the American proposals for an economic and social council, the subject to come before the Formulation Group late that afternoon. The members of this committee were Messrs. Bowman, Chairman, Cohen, Grew,13 Hornbeck, Wilson, and General Strong. This work was not completed for several days, and meanwhile prolonged discussion by the full American Group took place on the drafts being prepared.

The last subcommittee used by the American Group was also established for substantive drafting. It was appointed on September 20 and 21, 1944, at the start of the last week of the Soviet Phase. The Group was confronted at that time with the selection of the important "open questions" that might still require consideration to complete the Proposals. It was then intended to annex a list of such questions to the Proposals when issued. The Group also wished prepared a memorandum for the Secretary, if he approved, to send to the President concerning the closing of the Soviet Phase. This subcommittee was composed of Messrs. Wilson and Cohen, with Messrs. Notter, Gerig, and Yost assisting. The Group considered the initial drafts at its night meeting on the 20th and the revised drafts in a meeting at 10:30 the following morning.

Stage One

As suggested by the foregoing, the Soviet Phase of the Conversations passed through a number of stages, although these tended to be obscured by the overlapping of the various threads of development and hence to have only approximate time limits. Secretary Hull's continuing nonpartisan consultations were interwoven with these stages. The first stage was August 21-25, during which the committees and other group structures for conducting the discussions were organized, initial views presented, questions organized into agendas for discussion, and exploratory discussions begun. As noted above, the papers of all three Governments were used initially as the basis of these discussions, but thereafter, though without specific decision, the basic frame of reference in building joint proposals was the American Tentative Proposals. During these five days of presentation of views in the main subcommittees, the very substantial extent of common views on international organization among the three Governments had become evident, and most of the principal divergent conceptions had appeared.

It was during this opening week, as will be recalled, that Secretary Hull and Mr. Dulles, representing Governor Dewey, completed their "Mr. Grew could not take part.

14

initial direct consultations in Washington. The correspondence already described between the Secretary and Governor Dewey ensued over the next week 15 and continuing liaison between the Secretary and Mr. Dulles was also maintained through former Ambassador Hugh R. Wilson,16 Republican and resident of the Capital, acting on request of Mr. Dulles and Governor Dewey. James Clement Dunn frequently served on behalf of the Secretary as the channel of detailed information to Mr. Wilson. Directly himself and through Mr. Wilson, the Secretary informed Mr. Dulles and Governor Dewey of developments including particularly his consultations with Members of Congress.

The Secretary's consultations with leaders in Congress resumed after the Party Conventions when, on August 23, the Secretary transmitted, to the members of the same senatorial group that had met with him in the spring, copies of the Tentative Proposals as sent to the other governments taking part in the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations. In these copies the additional provision resulting from the Secretary's conferences with Mr. Dulles had been inserted." A copy of the proposals was also sent to Senator Elbert D. Thomas, Democrat of Utah, who had been active in the Advisory Committee during the previous two years and who joined the group at its first meeting with the Secretary during the Conversations. At this meeting,18 on August 25, all additions and changes made since the draft of April 29, 1944, had been studied by the group were examined on the basis of memoranda written at Dumbarton Oaks for this purpose by Messrs. Bowman, Pasvolsky, Notter, and Gerig and Miss Fosdick. Chief attention in this meeting, however, was given to the problem of what authority in this Government could decide upon the use of force. This arose in connection with the power of the projected council of the proposed organization to order enforcement action and therefore involved the question of whether the American representative on the council could vote for such action on instructions from the Executive without trenching upon the exclusive power of the Congress to declare war. A possible requirement of congressional approval for specific uses of force was posed by this problem, which was clarified but left unresolved at this meeting.

16

p. 289.

'Mr. Wilson had taken part in the initial preparatory effort shortly after the start of the war and had returned to private life at the end of 1940. 22, 462.

See pp.

17 This concerned ratification of armed forces agreements. See pp. 288-89.

18

All the former group were present except Senators Barkley and Gillette, who could not attend.