"any concessions that would have to be made" would be "cleared with him.

The Joint Steering Committee held no meetings for the first six days of this stage, while waiting for the views of the Governments on the draft joint proposals. No major difficulty was anticipated in view of the generally acceptable wording of the still bracketed provisions. The main questions then awaiting decision, aside from the unresolvable one of voting in the security council, were the determination of initial membership of the organization, treatment of matters within the domestic jurisdiction of member states, provision for amendment of the charter, and provision, as proposed by the United States, for promotion of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The problem also remained of reaching agreement on the texts of the "short" communiqué to end the Soviet Phase and of the "long" communiqué to close the Conversations. The proposed texts communicated in preliminary form on September 17 27 were considered in the meeting of the Joint Steering Committee on September 27, by which time instructions on both had been received by the British Delegation, but, it appeared, on only the "short" communiqué by the Soviet Delegation. The shorter communiqué was agreed upon immediately. In considering the longer, there was discussion particularly of the provision for further steps to be taken by the four Governments "not later than November 15" to complete the proposals to be placed before the general conference of the United Nations. The British Government was of the opinion that no date should yet be specified. The Chairman of the Soviet Delegation believed that the further steps should be taken "if possible" by November 15. This specific date was therefore replaced by the phrase "as soon as possible," an amendment accepted reluctantly by the American Chairman. Approval of the longer communiqué was reserved, however, pending the receipt of instructions by the Soviet Delegation.

After this decision, and in the same meeting, Ambassador Gromyko stated that agreement by his Government on any date for the general conference of the United Nations would depend upon whether the British and the American Governments would accept the Soviet position on voting in the Security Council and the Soviet proposal that the Soviet Republics be initial members of the organization. Concerning the first of these provisos, the explanation was made that the Soviet Government continued to consider that the principle of the unanimity of the four great powers must be carried out unconditionally; on the second, no explanation was offered. Without comment

27 After relatively minor changes had been suggested by the British, amended texts were circulated on the 26th, but the new texts arrived in Moscow too late for Soviet consideration and were therefore not used.

843388 49 22

on either of these matters, the meeting turned to discussion of the timing of the publication of the communiqué, concluding that the next day would be too soon to arrange for its simultaneous release in the three capitals.

In the same meeting the remaining brackets were removed from the draft text of the proposals and agreement reached on its publication with a brief note that several other questions remained under consideration. The draft of the proposals to embody the agreements reached in this meeting was the ninth and last. It was approved on behalf of the three Governments in the closing plenary session on September 28. The longer communiqué was tentatively approved in that session, for issuance on October 9, and a final meeting of the Joint Steering Committee after the plenary session was devoted to efforts to assure complete agreement on it.28

Conversation A, or the Soviet Phase of the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations, officially ended on September 28, and the prearranged release of the "short" communiqué took place on the morning of September 29. This stated that the "Conversations between the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union Delegations . . have been useful and have led to a large measure of agreement on recommendations for the general framework of the Organization, and in particular for the machinery required to maintain peace and security."

"CHINESE PHASE"

THE OPENING session of Conversation B-the "Chinese Phase" of the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations-was held immediately: Friday afternoon, September 29, 1944. Detailed discussion began the next Monday morning.

This last phase of the Conversations lasted but nine days. Rapid progress was possible since the Chinese views had already been taken carefully into account during the Soviet Phase and, after the earlier phase had exceeded expected limits, several informal American talks had been held with the Chinese representatives who had arrived on August 25. These preliminary and informational talks were in the interest both of normal courtesy and of facilitating the progress of the second phase when it could begin, and were in the special charge

"It was approved tentatively at this point in view of the indeterminate closing date of the Chinese Phase but also pending exchange of views between London and Moscow on a British proposal, with which the United States had agreed, to include in this communiqué a reference to the smaller United Nations Govern

ments as participating in the enforcement of surrender terms. The paragraph containing such provision was in the end omitted, since the Soviet Government considered it beyond the scope of direct concern in the Dumbarton Oaks Con

versations.

of Mr. Grew. The talks were held on the basis of the American Tentative Proposals and the Chinese "Essential Points." While the joint proposals being developed during the Soviet Phase were not reported in such talks in detail, their general outlines were indicated to the Chinese. Only a week-end of study of the final text of proposals resulting from the earlier phase was therefore necessary after September 29 before discussion of the Chinese points could begin.

The American Group as a whole had studied the Chinese views over the past four weeks and from time to time had considered plans for the coming Conversation with the Chinese. This study began shortly after the arrival of the Chinese paper when, on August 29, its initial analysis was assigned by the Group to Mr. Grew, Mr. Notter, the general adviser, and Mr. Ballantine, the geographic adviser on the Far East area. The President was given a copy of the Chinese paper on August 31 by Mr. Stettinius, with initial oral comments based on the analysis so far made.

Various dates for earlier beginning of the Chinese Phase had been projected by the American Group. On September 1, an opening date of the 11th of that month had been thought possible, and accordingly, on the 8th, Mr. Grew accompanied by the general adviser talked informally with Ambassador Wellington Koo, head of the Chinese Delegation, on the points of agreement and difference in the American and Chinese papers, and in broad terms indicated the nature of the joint proposals being formulated in the Conversations. When Monday the 11th arrived, with substantial advance despite pending questions, a date not more than a week later was the target. When on the 12th, it became clear that the first phase would continue for some time and that the Soviet Delegation continued to feel that until it was completed the Chinese Phase should not start, it was no longer feasible to aim at a definite date. The opening date of September 29 was not arranged definitively until two days before.

Meanwhile, as delay became prolonged, the inability of all the original British Delegation to remain for the conversations with the Chinese had been mentioned as a probability, and it eventuated that changes were required in the British Delegation. There were, however, no changes in the American Group.

The Chinese Delegation was composed of Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, Ambassador to Great Britain, Chairman; Dr. Wei Tao-ming, Ambassador to the United States of America; Dr. Victor Chi-tsai Hoo, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs; and General Shang Chen, Chief of the Military Mission to the United States as principal delegates, and as technical members: Dr. Chang Chung-fu, Director of the Department of American Affairs of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs; Dr. Kan Lee, Commercial Counselor, Chinese Embassy in Washington; Mr. Liu Chieh, Minister-Counselor, Chinese Embassy, and Secretary-Gen

eral of the Delegation; Rear Admiral Liu Ten-fu, Naval Attaché to the Embassy; Maj. Gen. P. T. Mow, Deputy Director of the Commission on Aeronautical Affairs and concurrently Director of the Washington Office of the Commission on Aeronautical Affairs; Messrs. Pu Hsuehfeng, Counselor of the Supreme Defense Council; and T. L. Soong, Delegate to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. Drs. S. H. Tan, C. L. Hsia, C. Y. Cheng, James Yu, Liang Yuen-li, and Chen Hung-chen were advisers. The secretaries were Tswen-ling Tsui, F. Y. Chai, C. K. Hsieh, and Dr. Mon-sheng Lin, with Wellington Koo, Jr., assisting the Chairman.

The Chairman of the British Delegation for the Chinese Phase was Lord Halifax, Ambassador in Washington. The other members were Admiral Sir Percy Noble, who was succeeded shortly by Commodore A. W. Clarke; Lt. Gen. Macready; Air Marshal Sir William Welsh, succeeded shortly by Air Vice-Marshal H. P. Willock; Sir George Sansom; Mr. Jebb, who served as acting Chairman when necessary; Maj. Gen. Grove-White; Professor Webster; Mr. Gore-Booth; Mr. Berkeley Gage; and Mr. Mackenzie as Press Officer. Sir Alexander Cadogan was able to remain as the British Chairman only for the opening session of this phase.

Presiding over the first plenary session on September 29, Secretary Hull spoke of China's "heroic efforts" in the war. Expressing appreciation for the work done by the representatives of the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in the earlier part of the Conversations, he said:

I am fully convinced that the excellent work already done, and that which we are about to undertake, will carry us a long way toward complete understanding among our Governments and toward the wider understanding which the peace-loving peoples of the world so ardently desire."

Explaining that "the successful conclusion of these exploratory conversations will constitute only the first step in the formation of the international organization which we seek to establish," he looked ahead to full public discussion of "the joint recommendations" to be made at the end "of this phase of the conversations" and hoped that "a full United Nations conference may be convened at an early date to bring to fruition the work which has been initiated ." He urged that in "these deliberations we must never forget that millions of people throughout the world are struggling for an opportunity to live in freedom and security."

Ambassador Koo spoke of China's long-held belief in collective efforts to insure peace and security among nations. He declared that "all nations which love peace and freedom" have "a part to play in any security organization" and emphasized that all disputes should be settled solely by pacific means and that the organization must show decisiveness in acting by force when necessary. He also stressed the

need for development of international law and for study and solution "of economic and social problems of international importance."

For the British Delegation, Sir Alexander Cadogan remarked the "very large measure of agreement" already existing among the three parties to this phase of the Conversations, not only on main objectives but "even in detail" on methods. The organization should be based on "the moral ideas on which our civilizations are founded." Responsibility should be commensurate with power, and the task was "to find the methods by which power may be rightly applied in the best interests of all nations." He hoped that "the memory of the danger" that the peoples of China and the British Commonwealth had narrowly escaped would bring "a unity to the world such as it has never before had." In this respect he emphasized that without "such common purpose and practice no institutions however well devised will have the necessary strength when the moment for action comes."

The principal organizational means for conducting the work in this second phase resembled those in the preceding one except that main subcommittees were not used. The Joint Steering Committee, occupying much the same position as previously, was composed of Mr. Stettinius, accompanied by Mr. Dunn, Mr. Grew, and Mr. Pasvolsky; Dr. Koo, accompanied by Dr. Hoo and and Dr. Liu; and Lord Halifax, accompanied by Mr. Jebb and Professor Webster.29 Mr. Stettinius was named Chairman, and, as before, rotation was agreed upon, with Dr. Koo to serve in the absence of Mr. Stettinius, and Lord Halifax if they were absent. Also as before, the secretary was Mr. Hiss, acting in an international capacity. This Committee held two meetings on October 2, another on October 4, and its fourth and last on October 5. The discussions in the plenary sessions of the full delegations in this phase were fuller in character than their earlier counterparts. This fact, together with changes in the work of the Formulation Group, rendered main subcommittees unnecessary. In addition to the formal opening plenary, three plenary sessions were held, on the 2d, 3d, and 7th of October, respectively.

The Joint Formulation Group in this phase was larger and more formal in its conduct of discussion than in the preceding period, and likewise differed in that, on request of the Chinese, it kept minutes. It met four times, on October 3, twice on the 6th, and on the 7th. Dr. Koo served as presiding officer and also as Chairman of the Chinese members, namely Drs. Hoo, Chang, and Liu, with Drs. Hsia, Liang, and Cheng as advisers and Messrs. Koo, Jr., and Tsui as secretaries. Mr. Jebb was acting Chairman of the British members throughout the meetings of this Group. His associates were Sir George Sansom,

"Dr. Hsia attended the first meeting in place of Dr. Hoo. In the absence of Lord Halifax, Mr. Jebb was the senior British representative.