dations on United States proposals in regard to the Charter of the United Nations.

The selection of the advisers to the Delegation occurred gradually over several weeks. Eleven were appointed as "Department of State" advisers. Of these, Messrs. Dunn, Hackworth, and Pasvolsky, together with the two Special Advisers to the Secretary, Messrs. Bowman and Armstrong, were of superior rank and constituted in fact "general" or "principal" advisers of the Delegation, as they were sometimes called. It was intended that these five should function in all fields and especially as senior negotiators. Charles W. Taussig, Chairman of the United States Section of the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, was adviser with particular reference to trusteeship. John D. Hickerson, Deputy Director of the Office of European Affairs, and Avra M. Warren, Director of the Office of American Republic Affairs, who had recently been associated with the relevant problems of international organization that had been considered at the Mexico City Conference, were advisers charged with responsibility for negotiations with delegations on the entire range of problems concerned in the Conference, Mr. Warren to act exclusively in relation to the delegations of the other American republics. Messrs. Notter and Stinebower, the advisers who had been the respective heads of the political and economic staffs of experts gathered for the postwar work in the Department, had wide general responsibility in their fields and functioned as negotiators in any absence of the United States Delegate on the Conference commissions and committees to which each was assigned.10

11

The inclusion of John Foster Dulles, whose acceptance of Secretary Stettinius' invitation of April 2 completed the appointments to the "Department of State" advisers on the Delegation " and who served largely as a "principal" adviser, brought directly into the concluding preparation in this field the representative through whom, and with whom, the party consultations inaugurated by Secretary Hull with Governor Thomas E. Dewey in the previous summer had been carried on. Substantial negotiating responsibility on various major problems was carried by Mr. Dulles in the Conference commissions and committees and in related meetings.12

10 Charles P. Taft was also named as an adviser from the Department of State, but did not attend the Conference.

"The letter of acceptance, Apr. 4, 1945, is published in the Department of State Bulletin, XII, 608.

"Assistant Secretaries Holmes, Rockefeller, and MacLeish and Adlai E. Stevenson, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State to work in the public relations field on matters relating to postwar international organization, were also present at the Conference in pursuance of their regular responsibilities in the Department of State.

Seventeen advisers were appointed to represent other Departments and agencies. These appointments were all made on the nomination of these other Departments and agencies at the request of the Department of State in March, and were automatically accepted. Those from the War and Navy Departments and the Joint Chiefs of Staff included Generals Embick and Fairchild of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Admiral Hepburn, Chairman of the General Board of the Navy, Admiral Willson of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee; and Admiral Train of the Joint PostWar Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Each of these had long experience in the extraordinary preparation. Assistant Secretary John J. McCloy, Maj. Gen. R. L. Walsh, and Brig. Gen. Kenner Hertford of the War Department and Assistant Secretary Artemus L. Gates of the Navy Department, completed the advisers representing the armed services.

On the civilian side, Abe Fortas, Under Secretary of the Interior; Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry D. White; Frank A. Waring, Special Assistant to the Secretary of Commerce; and Oscar Cox, Deputy Administrator of the Foreign Economic Administration, had participated in various interdepartmental phases of the preparation. The other civilian advisers were the Solicitor General of the United States, Charles Fahy; Assistant Secretary Charles F. Brannan of the Department of Agriculture; Assistant Secretary Daniel W. Tracy of the Labor Department; and Donald C. Stone, Assistant Director of the Bureau of Budget.

In the fiscal field, four Members of Congress were invited by Acting Secretary of State Grew on April 25 "to proceed to San Francisco at an appropriate time to confer with the United States Delegation on the budgetary problems which will arise later at the United Nations Conference on International Organization." This group was again bipartisan. It consisted of Senators Pat McCarran, Democrat of Nevada, and Wallace H. White, Jr., Republican of Maine, and of Representatives Louis C. Rabaut, Democrat of Michigan, and Karl Stefan, Republican of Nebraska, the Chairmen and the ranking minority members, respectively, of the subcommittees for the Department of State of the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations.13 Senator White, it will be recalled, had been a member of the Subcommittee on Political Problems of the Advisory Committee on PostWar Foreign Policy.

13

Department of State Bulletin, XII, 802. Senator White was unable to attend, but Senator McCarran and Representatives Rabaut and Stefan subsequently consulted with the Delegation in San Francisco. Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Conference, June 26, 1945, Department of State publication 2349, Conference Series 71, p. 256. Certain other Senators also visited San Francisco and consulted with the Delegation during the Conference.

14

The fourteen political and liaison officers on the Delegation included several officers of the Department of State who had been connected with the preparation in its later stages, particularly Joseph W. Ballantine, Charles E. Bohlen, and Henry S. Villard. These fourteen officers were responsible for assisting in negotiations with the delegations from countries situated within the area of particular concern to their respective offices in the Department.

The composition of the Delegation at its technical level also showed the marked extent to which the structure for the extraordinary preparation in this field was carried over into the negotiating structure. The technical experts on the Delegation, who rendered direct assistance to Delegates, were drawn very largely from the special staff for that preparation. The officers from this staff included the three chief technical experts, Messrs. Sandifer and Gerig, who also served respectively as the Secretary General and Deputy Secretary General of the Delegation, and Joseph E. Johnson, who had not joined the special staff until December 1944 but who had previously participated briefly in the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations. Other technical experts who had taken a direct part in the preparation were Messrs. Hartley, Blaisdell, Bunche, Kotschnig, Preuss, Young, Cordier, Eagleton, Howard, Reiff, Tomlinson, Adams, Buehrig, and Roberts, Miss Fosdick who also served as Special Assistant to the Secretary General, Miss Maylott, Mrs. Brunauer, and Mrs. McDiarmid; William Sanders had joined the special staff just prior to the Conference.

Of the remaining technical experts on the civilian side, Carlton Savage had assisted the Secretary in his congressional consultations in this field. Otis E. Mulliken had been closely associated with the work on labor and social problems, as had Bryn J. Hovde on cultural problems, while Miss Marjorie M. Whiteman had assisted Mr. Hackworth on legal problems and had been his special assistant at the meeting of the Committee of Jurists discussed below. Philip C. Jessup, professor of international law at Columbia University, continued as a technical expert on the Delegation the work, shortly to be described, that he had begun in connection with the joint proposals for the Statute of the Court.

14 Several others, including Paul H. Alling and John M. Cabot, had been to some extent associated with the work in their operational capacities,

Since the description of the Delegation in this volume does not include a substantial number of its personnel, as, for example, the special assistants and assistants to the Chairman, the assistants to Delegates, the public liaison officer and his special assistants, who were important in the Conference but whose work is not entirely germane here, reference is made for a full list of the Delegation to the Department publication The United Nations Conference on International Organization: Selected Documents, previously cited, pp. 59–63.

The Delegation's technical experts included also a number of Army, Navy, and Air Force officers, one of whom, Lt. Bernard Brodie, United States Naval Reserve, was on detail to the Department of State on the staff of the Division of International Security Affairs, a part of the preparatory staff. Col. P. M. Hamilton and Commodore T. P. Jeter, United States Navy, were from the Joint Post-War Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while Lt. Frederick Holdsworth was of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee of the Joint Chiefs. Col. Charles H. Bonesteel, 3d, was of the War Department General Staff and Lt. Col. W. A. McRae was of the Army Air Forces. Several of these experts had been associated for varying periods with their superior officers in the conduct of the preparation.

The important documentary and related forms of assistance required by the Delegations were supplied in large measure by professional officers drawn mainly from the preparatory staff.15

Attendance at Delegation meetings was restricted and was somewhat smaller in the preconference period than later. Active participation in meetings was as a rule confined to Delegates, the "Department of State" advisers, the ranking advisers from the War and Navy Departments and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Secretary General of the Delegation. Other advisers took part upon occasion when matters of concern to their respective Departments and agencies were under discussion, as did, in their respective fields, Assistant Secretaries Rockefeller, MacLeish, and Holmes, and Mr. Stevenson. The chief technical experts Messrs. Gerig and Johnson, the Special Assistant to the Chairman Mr. Raynor, and two of the technical experts, Mr. Hartley and Miss Fosdick, regularly attended the Delegation meetings, and three assistants to the congressional members of the Delegation, Messrs. Boyd Crawford, Robert V. Shirley, and Francis O. Wilcox, were usually present. The Delegation press officer and public liaison officer frequently attended. Individual technical experts were invited when matters within their particular competence were under consideration. Assigned technical experts, and particularly Miss Fosdick, also served as recording secretary for the meetings.

The Delegation did not function in the Conference or before on the basis of official instructions: it formulated its own views, and, apart from those of such importance that they were submitted as recom

15 Those from this staff were Mrs. Virginia F. Hartley, George V. Blue, Philip M. Burnett, and Lawrence Finkelstein, and Misses Alice Bartlett, Suzanne Green, Elizabeth Driscoll, M. Kathleen Bell, Jean Turnbull, Betty Gough, Jeannette E. Muther, and Jane Wheeler. Miss Louise White, also a member of the staff, served as administrative officer for the Delegation. For the additional personnel, drawn from the State and War Departments, see ibid., p. 63.

mendations through its Chairman to the President for his approval, the Delegation negotiated directly on the basis of the views it form ulated, the President being kept constantly informed of all developments. In the preconference period, its views took the form almost wholly of recommendations. Its nearest approach to negotiation in this period was the presentation of its views to the Secretary of State on his request for guidance, in his own preconference negotiations with the other sponsoring powers, on questions relevant to the coming conference. Its conclusions were determined at all times on the basis of majority approval, any Delegate holding contrary views being free V as an individual to discuss them publicly, but every effort was made to reach a fully considered view that would represent unanimous agreement or at least assent to the consensus of the majority. For the remaining extraordinary preparation, the Delegation, after it convened, was the final authority for the determination of recommendations, and on matters that did not need to be referred to the President, the final authority for decision.

The four earliest Delegation meetings, held on March 13, 23, and 30, and April 3, were on a weekly basis, were somewhat preliminary in character, and were sometimes not complete in membership. Thereafter, the Delegation met more frequently-April 9, 10, 11 (two meetings), 12, 16, 17, and 18, at which point it ended its meetings in the Department and convened next in San Francisco.

The first of these meetings, March 13, was divided into two parts, the Delegates being received by the President between the two. Discussion was chiefly of Delegation arrangements. Attending Departmental officers were present only on request of the Secretary, designations to service on the Delegation still being under consideration.16 Between this meeting and the next, the decision was made by the Secretary of State, on March 21, to name the coming conference "The United Nations Conference on International Organization."

The second meeting, March 23, was devoted primarily to consideration of inviting "private national organizations" to be represented at the Conference. A proposal to do so had previously been considered favorably by the Secretary's Staff Committee, to which periodic reports on developments with respect to the Conference were made

18 Attendance at the first meeting was made public in the Department of State Bulletin, XII, 435. It may be noted that all of the Delegates came to the first meeting, but that Commander Stassen and Dean Gildersleeve were unable to come to the second meeting, and the former could not attend the third and fourth. Under Secretary Grew and Assistant Secretaries Acheson and MacLeish attended several of the preconference meetings, besides officers who were already or later assigned to the Delegation. Mr. Grew presided at the times Secretary Stettinius was absent.