The area involved includes approximately 1,000 square miles and has a population of approximately 140,000 persons, predominantly Albanian. 17. The Dodecanese Islands-The Dodecanese Islands include the following: Rhodes, Kos, Patmos, Lipso, Kalymnos, Leros, Nisyros, Tilos, Khalki, Symi, Astypalai, Karpathos, Kasos and Kastellorizo. Italy came into "temporary" possession of the islands as a result of the Turco-Italian war of 1911-1912 (Treaty of Lausanne, October 18, 1912). The secret treaty of London, April 26, 1915, promised Italy full sovereignty over the islands. Italian sovereignty was recognized in the treaty of Sèvres, August 10, 1920 (Article 122) and in the treaty of Lausanne, July 24, 1923 (Article 15). The total area of the Dodecanese Islands is 1,035 square miles. The total population (1936) is 140,848, eighty to eighty-five percent of which is Greek. Without great economic significance, the islands are of strategic importance as stepping stones to the Asiatic mainland, particularly Rhodes and Leros. 18. Pantelleria—This strongly fortified Italian island is of strategic significance in the control of the waist of the Mediterranean. It is an important air and submarine base. The total area is 45 square miles and the population in 1931 was 9,679. 19. Yugoslav Macedonia-The territory indicated was lost by Turkey in the first Balkan war of 1912-1913 (Treaty of London, May 30, 1913). In spite of the Serbo-Bulgar Treaty, March 13, 1912, all but the Strumitsa wedge was claimed by Serbia and yielded to her by Bulgaria after the second Balkan war in the Treaty of Bucharest, August 10, 1913. The Strumitsa wedge was ceded by Bulgaria to Yugoslavia in the Treaty of Neuilly on November 27, 1919. Since the defeat of Yugoslavia in 1941, this area, together with certain other Yugoslav territories, is under Bulgarian occupation. The district has an area of approximately 12,000 square miles and has a population of around 1,200,000 persons. This population is preponderately "Macedonian" who speak a language akin to both Serb and Bulgarian, and who are claimed by both Serb and Bulgarian nationalists. 20. Regions of Djakovo and Dibra-These areas [part of larger areal were awarded to Albania (under Italian sovereignty) after the defeat of Yugoslavia in May 1941. These are small frontier regions with a total area of approximately 200 square miles. The population of some 25,000 is predominantly Albanian. 21. Yugoslav-Hungarian border lands, including Prekomurje, Medjumurje, Baranja, Bachka and Vojvodina (Banat) [sic and the Yugoslav Banat]-These areas were ceded to Yugoslavia by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, June 4, 1920. Since the defeat of Yugoslavia in 1941 they have been occupied mainly by Hungarian forces; Axis troops in Vojvodina are largely German. The area involved includes 12,092 square miles and has a total population (1931) of 1,516,659 persons. According to the census of 1921, the area included 670,000 Serbo-Croats, 392,000 Magyars, 320,000 Germans, and 68,000 Rumanians. 22. Zara-Formerly a part of Austrian Dalmatia, Zara was ceded to Italy by the Treaty of St. Germain, September 10, 1919. The Zara district includes only the city of Zara and its immediate vicinity, the total area being 42 square miles. The population, according to the census of 1921 (the latest census containing a breakdown of the population into language groups), was 17,065, of whom 12,075 were Italian-speaking, 1,255 Serbo-Croatspeaking, and 3,735 "foreigners" (chiefly Yugoslavs). 23. Istria, Gorizia, Trieste, Fiume and the Italian Islands on the Dalmatian Coast-With the exception of Fiume, these areas were ceded by Austria to Italy in the Treaty of St. Germain, September 10, 1919. The boundary between Yugoslavia and Italy was confirmed by the Treaty of Rapallo, November 12, 1920. Fiume was renounced by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, June 4, 1920, and established as a Free City by the Treaty of Rapallo, November 12, 1920. It was incorporated in Italy by the Treaty of Rome, January 27, 1924. The territory has an area of 3,415 square miles. Its total population, according to the census of 1921 (the last census in which the inhabitants were listed according to language) was 946,000, of whom 507,591 were Italian-speaking; 50,589 were Ladin-speaking, 258,944 were Slovene-speaking, and 103,613 were Serbo-Croat speaking. 24. South Tyrol and Trentino-These areas were ceded by Austria to Italy in the Treaty of St. Germain, September 10, 1919. The territory has an area of 5,252 square miles. Its total population, according to the Italian census of 1921 (the last census in which the inhabitants were listed according to language) was 647,703, of whom 408,385 were Italian-speaking, 18,253 were Ladin-speaking, and 195,650 were German-speaking. 25. Felsburg-involving Austria and Czechoslovakia. .. 70 square miles of Czechoslovakian territory, consisting of the county of Felsburg. 26. Berchtesgaden, Passau, Ausserfern-involving Austria and Germany. the German areas of Berchtesgaden and Passau, and a connecting link between the Austrian enclave of Ausserfern and the Tyrol. 27. Hungarian-Slovak frontier zone-This area was ceded by Hungary to Czechoslovakia in the Treaty of Trianon, June 4, 1920. Some of the parts indicated were re-occupied by Hungary under the Vienna protocol, November 2, 1938; a further zone was ceded to Hungary under the agreement of April 3, 1939. The area annexed involved about 4,000 square miles. According to the 1930 census the total population was 992,496, of whom 288,803 were Czechoslovaks, 587,692 Magyars and 51,000 Jews. The territory is important agriculturally. It borders the Danube River. 28. Sudeten area-As part of the lands of the crown of Bohemia, these areas were ceded to Czechoslovakia by Austria in the Treaty of St. Germain, September 10, 1919. They were incorporated into Germany as a consequence of the Munich agreement of September 30, 1938. This agreement was subsequently denounced by Great Britain and France, and was never recognized by the United States and the Soviet Union. The area of the so-called Sudetenland, which was ceded to Germany in 1938, was 11,236 square miles. According to the 1930 census, the total population of this area was 3,756,719, of whom 2,822,899 were German and 738,502 Czechoslovak. The German census of 1938 indicated a population of 3,396,244, but did not give the ethnic distribution. The Sudetenland is not a continuous territory, but extends around the frontiers of Czechoslovakia. Cession of the territory destroyed the defenses, the communications system, and the economy of Czechoslovakia. 29. Teschen The Duchy of Teschen was renounced by Austria in the Treaty of St. Germain, September 10, 1919. It was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland by the Conference of Ambassadors on July 28, 1920, after a plebiscite which had been ordered by the Supreme Council on September 27, 1919. Part of the area awarded to Czechoslovakia was ceded to Poland on November 1, 1938. The remainder has been a part of the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia since March 15, 1939. The area of Czech Teschen is 212 square miles. According to the census of 1930 the total population of the district was 85,334. The Poles numbered 44,184 (51.78 percent); the Czechoslovaks, 33,513 (29.27 percent); and the Germans 6,505 (7.62 percent). The area is especially important as an industrial region for steel manufacture. 843388-49-36 30. German Upper Silesia-The area shown was awarded to Germany by the Conference of Ambassadors, October 19, 1921, following a plebiscite held in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919. It is claimed by Poland. Substantially this same area is now demanded by the Polish Government-in-Exile. The territory claimed by the Polish Government has an area of 2,950 square miles (1.62 of the area of Germany in 1937) and had a population of 1,354,000 in 1939. The industrial district in the extreme east had one-tenth the area and onethird the population of the territory in question. In 1925 the exclusively Germanspeaking population was 57 percent of the whole, 72 percent of the population in the industrial district. 31. Ems Estuary-involving the Netherlands and Germany. The GermanDutch border through the Ems estuary is inadequately defined in a treaty of July 2, 1824, between Hanover and the Netherlands. The German Government claims, and has acted on the assumption, that the German frontier extends across the estuary and up to the low-tide mark on the Dutch shore. ... 32. Waterways Questions Involving Belgium and the Netherlands—(a) Wielingen Channel. Though the Netherlands possesses sovereignty over both banks of the mouth of the Scheldt, it does not have undisputed control over the main channel connecting the Scheldt with the North Sea. The only serviceable channel for large vessels is the Wielingen, which, just before it joins the sea, bends toward the Belgian shore and passes through the Belgian maritime belt for a few miles. The Netherlands claims jurisdiction over the Wielingen Channel on historic rights while Belgium stresses the fact that the channel is within its three-mile limit. Treaty negotiations between the two countries in 1920 broke down when this issue was brought into the dispute. . . ... (b) Waterways Connections between Antwerp and the Rhine. By the Treaty of 1839, the Netherlands granted Belgium the right of passage on the Dutch inland waterways connecting Antwerp with the Rhine. Belgium claims that the Netherlands has not provided adequate canal connections in this area. Under the treaty initialled in 1925 Belgium would have received the right to construct a large canal along the most direct route between Antwerp and Moerdyke on the Hollandsch Diep. The proposed treaty also provided for a canal between Antwerp and Ruhrort across Dutch Limburg. These canals would have made Antwerp a strong competitor with Rotterdam for the transit traffic from the industrial Rhine hinterland. The proposed grant of these rights-of-way was bitterly attacked in Holland and was the chief cause for the defeat of the Treaty. 33. Eupen, Malmedy, and Moresnet.-These three districts form the entire Belgian-German frontier. Eupen and Malmédy, formerly part of Germany, were transferred to Belgium in 1920 by the Conference of Ambassadors, following an expression of public opinion held in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles; and Moresnet, formerly neutral territory, was awarded to Belgium by the same Treaty. These territories were claimed by Germany and on May 19, 1940, were re-incorporated into the Reich by Hitler. The districts cover an area of 366.59 square miles and have a total population, according to the census of 1930, of 66,618, of whom 12,166 are French-speaking and 51,383 are German-speaking. 34. Alsace-Lorraine-This territory was lost by France in 1871 when it was ceded to Germany under the Treaty of Frankfort May 10, 1871. It was returned to France according to the Peace Treaty with Germany (June 28, 1919), as from the date of the Armistice November 11, 1918. In 1940 this region was annexed by Germany. The territory covers an area of approximately 5,605 square miles, with a total population of 1,915,627 according to the census of 1936. APPENDIX 27 August 11, 1943 31 Tentative Draft of a Joint Four-Power Declaration The Governments of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and China: united in their determination, in accordance with the Declaration by the United Nations of January 1, 1942, and subsequent declarations, to continue hostilities against those Axis powers with which they respectively are at war until such powers have laid down their arms on the basis of unconditional surrender; conscious of their responsibility to secure the liberation of themselves and the peoples allied with them from the menace of aggression; recognizing the necessity of ensuring a rapid and orderly transition from war to peace and of establishing and maintaining international peace and security with the least diversion of the world's human and economic resources for armaments; jointly declare: 1. That their united action, pledged for the prosecution of the war, will be continued for the organization and maintenance of peace and security. 2. That those of them at war with a common enemy will act together in all matters relating to the surrender and disarmament of that enemy, and to any occupation of enemy territory and of territory of other states held by that enemy. 3. That they will take all measures deemed by them to be necessary to provide against any violation of the requirements imposed upon their present enemies. 4. That they recognize the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all nations, and open to membership by all nations, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security. 5. That for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security pending the reestablishment of law and order and the inauguration of a general system of security, they will consult and act jointly in behalf of the community of nations. 6. That, in connection with the foregoing purpose, they will establish a technical commission to advise them on the military problems involved, including the composition and strength of the forces available in an emergency arising from a threat to the peace. 7. That they will not employ their military forces within the territories of other states except for the purposes envisaged in this declaration and after joint consultation and agreement. 8. That they will confer and cooperate to bring about a practicable general agreement with respect to the regulation of armaments in the post-war period. "Document as taken by Secretary of State (Hull) to First Quebec Conference and the Moscow Conference, 1943. Germany: Partition APPENDIX 28 August 17, 1943 32 I. THE PROBLEM The problem is an assessment of the desirability of a partition of Germany in the interest of post-war security, and if desirable, its possible character. The issue as developed here is not a choice between partition and no controls whatever, but whether there is utility in partition as a possible substitute for, or supplement to, certain other international controls of Germany. II. ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS A. Partition or Unity The basic argument advanced in favor of partition is that since world security demands that Germany should never again become a menace to peace, the means to that end is the destruction of the power concentrated in the Government of the Reich and the decentralization of German energies by a division that would split and cut across the political and moral forces of the land. If there is danger that security controls over a united Germany could not be maintained, successful partition would postpone if not obviate future aggression. Partition would not necessarily impair the efficiency of a military occupation of the whole of Germany, and it could simplify the task of treating the different areas with the necessary precautions i. e., could facilitate special controls over the militaristic portions of Prussia and the industrialized western areas. The argument is also advanced that dividing Germany would be a powerful supplement to defeat and occupation as a demonstration of the necessity for a renunciation of military ambitions. It is argued that partition would allow the Germans, under the leadership of anti-Prussian and other peaceful groups, to find a happy and prosperous place in the new world order. While resentment and demagogic protests could be anticipated, religious differences, provincial loyalties and other centrifugal forces might provide the soil in which lasting partition could take root. In opposition it is held that partition would make no useful contribution to the occupation of Germany and might complicate the task of administration. It might also encourage single power occupation of the different partite states. This argument further holds that partition would not be an economical substitute for military and economic controls; that uncertainties prevailing in a defeated Germany could not permit the victors to abandon the controls imposed directly on a potential war-machine until the long-run effects of partition were assessed. It is held that partition without an external force permanently to maintain it would constitute a threat to security; if on the other hand the victors did continue to wield enough power to enforce partition they could rigorously enforce the less offensive military and economic controls which would suffice for security. The basic argument against partition is that it would not take root, but would, on the contrary, engender a bitter hostility among the German people that would jeopardize eventual German reconciliation with the peace settlement and the ultimate assimilation of Germany into the society of law-abiding nations. German acceptance of partition would mean a reversal of a century-old trend in which the dynamic forces have been working toward greater economic, politi 32 A policy memorandum based on an "H-document" for briefing Secretary Hull in connection with the First Quebec Conference. |