Grant, Christina P., February 7-August 7, 1944 (resigned) Harris,* David, until June 21, 1944 (to acting Chief of Division) Central European Section Chapin,* John S. (to Division of Central European Affairs) MacLean,* Henry C., until August 26, 1944 (to office of United States Representative, Advisory Council for Italy) Eldridge,* Richard, until September 7, 1944 (to Foreign Service Auxiliary) Fuller,* Leon W. (to Division of Central European Affairs) Smyth,* Howard M. (to Division of Southern European Affairs) * Trivers, Howard (to Division of Central European Affairs) Vedeler, Harold C. (to Division of Central European Affairs) Eastern European Section Howard,* Harry N., section head (to Division of International Organization Affairs) Campbell,* John C. (to Division of Southern European Affairs) Black, Cyril E. (to Foreign Service Auxiliary) Bradshaw,* Mary E. (to Division of Research and Publications) Chipman,* Norris B., until September 13, 1944 (returned to Foreign Service post) Fisher, Raymond H., from September 1, 1944 (to Division of Eastern European Affairs) Dolbey, Mary Joanna, until January 23, 1945 (to War Refugee Board) Adams, George P., Jr., from July 25, 1944 (to Division of Foreign Economic Development) Assisting Units 1. Biographical Analysis (transferred to Division of World Trade Intelligence) Fluegel,* Edna R., unit head, until October 16, 1944 (to Committee on Post-War Programs) Dickinson,* Hazel M., until October 16, 1944 (to Division of World Trade Intelligence) Hale,* Madeleine, until July 1, 1944 (to Western and Northern European Section) Otis, Margaret M., June 21-October 16, 1944 (to Division of World Trade Intelligence) Rathbun,* (Mrs.) Georgianna N. (Flather), until October 16, 1944 (to Division of Foreign Activity Correlation) * Stickney, Edith P., until April 1944 (to Library of Congress) 2. Special Studies (Economic, no staff separate from other sections) * Burnett, S. Bertha, until August 1, 1944 (to Commodities Division) Departmental Order 1309, issued February 27, 1944, effective March 1, 1945: "Abolition of the Division of Territorial Studies (TS), Office of Special Political Affairs (SPA) "Purpose. This order is issued to insure that the geographic Offices and divisions of the Department shall receive the full potential of service of its territorial research staff. *The asterisk identifies officers with previous service on the research staff. "Background. Several years ago a special staff was organized in the Department to analyze and conduct background studies on post-war territorial settlements. The time has now arrived when post-war-planning problems and policy have become current problems and policy; therefore the closest association in the staffs is advisable. "1. Abolition of the Division of Territorial Studies and transfer of its staff. The Division of Territorial Studies of the Office of Special Political Affairs is hereby abolished, and its functions and staff transferred among the several geographic Offices and divisions, in accordance with the determination of the Director of the Office of Departmental Administration in collaboration with the Directors of the Offices concerned. The staff shall continue its research activities, organized in the Offices and divisions as the Directors of Office shall determine. Several members of the staff of the Division of Territorial Studies are hereby transferred to other divisions of the Office of Special Political Affairs. “2. Departmental Order Amended. Departmental Order 1301 of December 20, 1944 . . . is accordingly amended." ... APPENDIX 33 December 29, 1943 46 Memorandum for the President I transmit herewith for your consideration a statement of the basic ideas which might be embodied in a constitution of an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security, to be established in accordance with the provisions of the Atlantic Charter, of Point 4 of the Moscow Declaration, and of the Congressional Resolutions. The statement was prepared by our group working on the problems of international organization. Attached to the statement is a memorandum on the principal obligations which would have to be assumed by the members of the projected international organization. The drafters of the statement recommend (1) That there should be a small Executive Council with adequate powers and adequate means to investigate conditions, situations and disputes likely to impair security or to lead to a breach of the peace; to recommend measures for the adjustment of such conditions, situations and disputes; to employ the processes of mediation, conciliation, arbitration, etc., for the settlement of disputes; to prescribe the terms of settlement where other procedures have failed; to enforce its decisions; and to repress acts or threats of aggression; (2) That there should be a General Assembly, composed of all member states, whose principal functions and powers should relate to the setting up of a general framework of policy, the development of international law, and the promotion of international cooperation in general; (3) That there should be an International Court of Justice; and (4) That, as needed, there should be created or brought within the frame work of the international organization agencies for cooperation in economic and social activities, for trusteeship responsibilities, and for other appropriate purposes. 46 Transmitting memorandum from Secretary of State (Hull). The drafters have not been able to reach definitive conclusions on a number of crucial questions which are presented in the statement in the form of alternatives. The entire plan is based on two central assumptions: These are indicated on pages 3, 4 and 5. First, that the four major powers will pledge themselves and will consider themselves morally bound not to go to war against each other or against any other nation, and to cooperate with each other and with other peace-loving states in maintaining the peace; and Second, that each of them will maintain adequate forces and will be willing to use such forces as circumstances require to prevent or suppress all cases of aggression. I hope that at our meeting tomorrow you will find it possible to discuss these matters with us. [Attachment] December 23, 1943. INTERNATIONAL OR PLAN FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN I. FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSES 47 The primary functions of the international organization to be established in accordance with the provisions of the Atlantic Charter, of Point 4 of the Moscow Declaration, and of the Congressional Resolutions, should be, first, to establish and maintain peace and security, by force if necessary; and, second, to foster cooperative effort among the nations for the progressive improvement of the general welfare. The organization should provide means of cooperative action for the creation, operation, and coordination of agencies and procedures for the following purposes: 1. to prevent the use of force or of threats to use force in international relations except by authority of the international organization itself; 2. to settle disputes between nations likely to lead to a breach of the peace; 3. to strengthen and develop the rule of law in international relations; 4. to facilitate the adjustment of conditions likely to impair the security or undermine the general welfare of the peace-loving nations; 5. to promote through international cooperative effort the political, economic, and social advancement of nations and peoples. II. STRUCTURE AND POWERS For purposes of maintaining peace and security, the international organization should have the following organs: 1. An Executive Council 2. A General Assembly 3. An International Court of Justice All members of the organization should be represented on the General Assembly. The representation on the Executive Council should be limited, as indicated below. For purposes of fostering good international relations and promoting general welfare, the organization should have, in addition to the organs above indicated, 47 Brackets within the text of this appendix as in original. an agency for cooperation in economic and social activities, an agency for trusteeship responsibilities and such other agencies as may be found necessary. The various component organs and agencies of the organization should have appropriate administrative staffs. The organization should have powers as follows: 1. to examine and investigate any condition or situation the continuation of which is likely to impair the security or undermine the general welfare of the peace-loving nations; 2. to recommend measures for the adjustment of such conditions and situations; 3. to prescribe the terms of settlement of disputes referred to it when the parties to the disputes have failed to find other means of pacific settlement; 4. to take jurisdiction over disputes upon its own initiative; 5. to enforce its decisions with regard to the settlement of disputes; 6. to determine the existence of threats or acts of aggression and to take measures necessary to repress such threats or acts; 7. to establish a system of armaments regulation upon the basis of international agreement. These powers should be exercised by the respective organs of the international organization in the manner indicated below. III. THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL The composition of the Executive Council should be determined upon the principle that certain nations have exceptional responsibilities for the maintenance of international security and therefore should have indeterminate tenure; the responsibility of other states for the maintenance of security should be reflected by membership of a number of such states elected for limited periods. The Executive Council should accordingly consist initially of: The United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and China (members with indeterminate tenure), together with 1. three other members, with the understanding that the Executive Council should always consist of members with indeterminate tenure and an equal number less one of elected members. or 2. not less than three nor more than eleven other members. The elected members should be chosen annually by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly, but should not be immediately eligible for re-election. The General Assembly may alter the total membership of the Executive Council, the membership with indeterminate tenure, the method of selecting other members and the length of their tenure. Such alterations should be effected by a twothirds vote of the General Assembly, provided all the members having indeterminate tenure on the Executive Council vote in the affirmative. Alternatively [The Executive Council might initially be composed of the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and China solely.] The Executive Council should be in continuous session and should have primary responsibility with respect to the security functions and security powers of the international organization. Except for procedural decisions, which should be taken by a majority vote, all other decisions should be by a two-thirds vote, with the qualifications indicated below. In no decision of the Executive Council should the vote of a party directly involved in a dispute and represented on the Executive Council be counted. A party deemed by the Executive Council to be directly involved in a dispute and not represented on the Council should be invited to participate in the consideration of the dispute in the Council, without right of vote. The Executive Council should operate as follows: 1. Any member of the international organization may bring to the attention of the Executive Council any condition, situation, or dispute the continuation of which is likely to impair the security of itself or of any other member of the organization, or to lead to a breach of the peace. The Executive Council should have the right to institute an investigation of any such condition, situation, or dispute, and to make recommendations to the states concerned. 2. Any member of the international organization may refer to the Executive Council for settlement any dispute in which it may be involved. The Executive Council should have the right, upon its own initiative, to take jurisdiction over any dispute the continuation of which, in its judgment, may lead to a breach of the peace. 3. The Executive Council should have the right (a) to prescribe the terms of settlement of a dispute within its jurisdiction, (b) to institute measures for the enforcement of its decisions, (c) to determine the existence of a threat or act of aggression, and (d) to institute measures to repress such threat or act. The decision of the Executive Council in these matters should require: unanimity of all members with indeterminate tenure Alternatively [three-fourths vote of the members with indeterminate tenure] [a. any abstaining or dissenting member being obligated by the decision; or [b. any abstaining member being obligated, but a dissenting member not being obligated by the decision though bound not to obstruct action; or [c. any abstaining or dissenting member not being obligated by the decision but obligated not to obstruct action.] 4. The Executive Council should have the right to ask the assistance of the General Assembly in the settlement of any dispute pending before it, and it should inform the General Assembly of any decisions or recommendations made by it. Whenever feasible, the Executive Council should ask the General Assembly for its assistance in the enforcement of its decisions. 5. The Executive Council should have the right to request from the International Court of Justice an advisory opinion on the legal aspects of any question pending before it. 6. The Executive Council should have the right to set up any technical agencies it may deem necessary for the performance of its functions. IV. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY The initial membership of the General Assembly should comprise all of the United Nations and nations associated with them. The General Assembly should meet annually, but it may be convened in special session on its own initiative or on the initiative of the Executive Council. Its decisions should be by a majority vote, except as indicated below. Alternatively [The International Organization should be instituted by the United and Associated Nations. But when the basic document secures the requisite ratifications to become effective, all duly recognized independent states should |